QL 

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no.  15 


LIBRARY      _ 

University  of  C.HfomfO*      ' 


U.  S.   DEPARTMENT    OE    AGRICUfcftfkE 
DIVISION  OF  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY     „  .£.  3' 


NORTH 


ISTo.    15 

[Actual  date  of  publication,  August  S,  1899] 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS 


EDWARD    A.    PREBLE 
ASSISTANT   IN   BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


Prepared  under  the _ direction  of 

Dr.    C.    HART     MERRIAM 
CHIEF    OF    DIVISION    OF    BIOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE 
1899 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  8.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  June  15,  1899. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  for  publication,  as  No.  15 
of  North  American  Fauna,  a  'Revision  of  the  Jumping  Mice  of  the 
Genus  ZapusSby  Edward  A.  Preble,  assistant  in  the  Biological  Survey. 
Respectfully, 

T.  S.  PALMER, 

Acting  Chief,  Biological  Survey. 
Hon.  JAMES  WILSON, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 
2 


CONTENTS. 


Paga 

Introduction 5 

History  and  material 5 

Distribution 6 

External  characters 7 

Habits 7 

Nomenclature 9 

Generic  names 9 

Specific  and  subspecific  names 10 

Genus  Zapus  Coues .• 13 

Key  to  subgenera 13 

List  of  species  and  subspecies,  with  type  localities 13 

Subgenns  Zapus  Cones 14 

Key  to  species 14 

Napceozapus  subgenus  novuin 33 

Key  to  species 33 

Eozapus  subgeuus  no  vuui 37 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATE. 

Page. 
PLATE  I.  Skulls  of  Zapus  insignia,   Z.    setcliuanus,    Z.    hiulsonius,   Z.  orariu*. 

Z,  trinotatus,  and  Z.  princeps 42 

TEXT  FIGURES. 

FIG.  1.  Molar  teeth  of  Zapus  hudsonius 14 

2.  Molar  teeth  of  Zapus  insignia 33 

3.  Molar  teeth  of  Zapus  setchuanus 37 

4.  Skull  of  Zapus  setchuanus 38 


No.  15,  NOBTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA.        August,  1899. 

REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS. 

By  EDWARD  A.  PREBLE. 
INTRODUCTION. 

History  and  material. — The  Jumping  Mice  of  North  America  early 
attracted  the  attention  of  naturalists,  but  their  true  status  and  rela- 
tionships long  remained  in  obscurity.  The  first  reference  to  any  of  the 
species  seems  to  have  been  made  by  Thomas  Pennant,  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  last  century,  who  mentioned  the  animal  under  the  name  of  the 
1  Long-legged  Mouse  of  Hudson's  Bay.'  In  1780  Zimmermaun,  basiug 
his  description  on  that  of  Pennant,  and  supposing  the  animal  to  be  con- 
generic with  the  jerboas  of  the  Old  World,  named  it  Dipus  hudsonius. 
Subsequent  authors,  recognizing  the  inapplicability  of  Dipus,  referred 
the  species  successively  to  Gerbillus,  Meriones,  and  Jaculm,  until  finally 
Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  in  1875,  after  showing  that  all  the  generic  names 
previously  used  were  untenable,  proposed  Zapus. 

Previous  to  1857  a  number  of  specific  names  were  used  for  members 
of  this  genus  (see  pp.  10-13),  but  were  applied  mainly  to  specimens  from 
the  eastern  United  States  and  Canada.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  Baird, 
in  1857,  and  Coues,  in  1877,  recognized  but  one  species,  having  a  range 
nearly  coincident  with  the  present  geographic  distribution  of  the  genus 
in  North  America.  This  resulted  mainly  from  two  causes — poor  qual- 
ity of  existing  material  and  the  prevailing  tendency  of  the  times  to 
lump  distinct  species  having  a  superficial  resemblance  to  one  another. 
The  material  consisted  mainly  of  poorly  preserved  alcoholic  speci- 
mens, or  skins  badly  made  (in  most  cases  with  the  skulls  inside), 
and  without  satisfactory  measurements.  The  characters  distinguishing 
the  species,  therefore,  were  not  apparent  or  were  considered  as  being 
due  merely  to  individual  variation.  In  failing  to  examine  skulls,  both 
Baird  and  Coues  referred  specimens  of  the  animal  since  described  as 

5 


6  NORTH   AMERICAN    FAUNA. 

Zapus  insignia  to  Z.  hudsonius,  though  insignia  has  a  different  number  of 
teeth  and  is  now  considered  subgeuerically  distinct  from  the  latter. 
Under  the  improved  methods  of  collecting  and  preserving  mammals 
now  in  vogue  large  series  of  well-prepared  specimens  have  been  brought 
together  during  the  past  few  years,  and  several  new  forms  have  been 
described,  mainly  from  the  west  and  northwest. 

The  following  revision  of  the  genus  Zapus  is  based  on  a  study  of  more 
than  900  specimens,  mainly  in  the  collections  of  the  Biological  Survey  of 
the  U.  IS.  Department  of  Agriculture,  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  and 
several  private  individuals.1  To  the  custodians  and  owners  of  these 
collections  my  thanks  are  cordially  extended.  For  kind  assistance  and 
advice  my  thanks  are  also  especially  due  to  Dr.  0.  Hart  Merriam,  Dr. 
T.  S.  Palmer,  and  Mr.  Gerrit  S.  Miller,  jr.  Through  the  courtesy  of 
Mr.  Miller  I  have  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  the  types  of  Zapus 
setcliuanus  Pousargues,  temporarily  placed  in  his  hands  for  comparison, 
and  am  thus  able  to  present  a  complete  account  of  the  genus,  includ- 
ing a  description  of  this  very  interesting  Asiatic  species,  the  only  one 
known  from  the  Old  World. 

The  National  Museum  collection  of  Zapus,  though  not  extensive, 
contains  many  specimens  of  unusual  interest  from  widely  separated 
localities ;  that  of  the  Biological  Survey  is  especially  rich  in  western 
specimens;  and  those  of  Miller  and  Bangs  contain  good  series  of  east- 
ern species.  These  collections,  comprising  many  large  suites  of  well- 
prepared  skins,  nearly  all  accompanied  by  perfect  skulls  and  by  meas- 
urements taken  in  the  flesh,  have  afforded  facilities  for  comparison  never 
before  enjoyed.  Much  additional  material  is  needed,  however,  before 
certain  questions  concerning  relationship  and  seasonal  variation  can 
be  satisfactorily  settled. 

Distribution. — Zapus  is  a  Boreal  genus,  and,  with  the  exception  of  a 
single  species,  is  confined  to  North  America.  The  exact  northern  lim- 
its of  its  range  are  not  well  known,  but  are  indicated  by  specimens 
from  Hamilton  Inlet,  Labrador;  Fort  Churchill,  on  Hudson  Bay;  Fort 
Rae,  on  Great  Slave  Lake;  and  the  Yukon  River  (probably  Fort  Yukon, 
just  below  the  Arctic  Circle).  Southward  it  extends  as  far  as  Raleigh, 
N.  C.j  Wheeling,  W.  Va,;  Jackson  County,  Mo.;  Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex.; 
and  Kern  River,  California.  Within  the  region  thus  roughly  outlined 
there  are  probably  no  large  areas  where  at  least  one  member  of  the 
genus  is  not  found.  In  regions  where  there  is  little  or  no  woodland  its 
distribution  is  more  or  less  local,  and  is  confined  almost  exclusively  to 
the  borders  of  streams.  Of  course,  the  arid  deserts  of  the  West  do 
not  offer  a  congenial  environment. 

'These  specimens  are  as  follows:  Biological  Survey,  378;  U.  S.  National  Museum, 
85;  Merriam  Collection,  60;  Bangs  Collection,  132;  Miller  Collection,  200;  ami  a  few 
from  each  of  the  following  collections,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New 
York;  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia;  Carnegie  Museum,  Pittshnrg, 
Pa.;  Field  Columbian  Museum,  Chicago;  and  the  collections  of  Samuel  N.  Rhoads 
and  Charles  F.  Batchelder. 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.  7 

Very  little  is  known  of  the  geological  history  of  Zapus,  except  that 
the  genus  dates  back  to  the  Postpliocene.  In  1871  Prof.  E.  D.  Cope 
recorded  a  inandibular  rainus  with  incisor  and  second  molar  of  a  Jump- 
ing Mouse  from  the  Port  Kennedy  Bone  Cave  in  Pennsylvania.1  On 
account  of  lack  of  recent  specimens  for  direct  comparison  he  was  some- 
what in  doubt  as  to  the  specific  identity  of  the  remains,  but  referred 
them  to  Jacultis  (=  Zapus)  Inidsonius? 

External  characters. — The  external  and  cranial  characters  of  Zapus 
have  been  so  exhaustively  treated  by  Baird,  Cones,  and  others  that 
a  brief  reference  to  them  here  will  be  sufficient.  The  body  is  consider- 
ably enlarged  posteriorly,  the  hind  legs  and  tail  greatly  developed,  the 
forelegs  rather  short,  and  the  ears  somewhat  longer  than  the  surround- 
ing fur.  All  the  species  agree  closely  in  color  and  markings.  A  broad 
dorsal  stripe  of  some  shade  of  yellowish  brown,  quite  thickly  flecked 
with  black-tipped  hairs,  is  bordered  by  a  slightly  narrower  lateral  stripe 
of  a  lighter  color  and  usually  with  less  black.  The  fur  of  the  entire 
upper  parts  is  uniform  plumbeous  at  base,  only  the  tips  of  the  hairs 
affecting  the  external  appearance  of  the  animal.  Between  the  darker 
color  of  the  sides  and  the  white  of  the  lower  parts  is  a  narrow  stripe 
of  clear  yellowish  orange,  unmixed  with  black,  and  with  the  base  of 
the  hairs  white.  The  lower  parts  are  white,  sometimes  suffused  with 
the  color  of  the  sides,  and  one  species,  Z.  setchuamts,  from  China,  has 
a  well-defined  brown  ventral  stripe.  The  tail  is  very  long,  usually  about 
60  per  cent  of  the  total  length,  and  more  or  less  distinctly  bicolor, 
brownish  above  and  whitish  below.  It  is  thinly  covered  with  short 
hairs,  which  are  longer  on  the  terminal  part  and  form  a  short  pencil. 
In  two  of  the  three  subgenera  the  tail  is  conspicuously  tipped  with 
white.  The  spring  and  early  fall  pelages  differ  noticeably,  except  in 
members  of  the  subgenus  Napwozapux,  the  bright  color  of  the  spring 
and  early  summer  pelage  becoming  duller  in  the  fall,  and  the  dark  dorsal 
area  partially  obliterated.  In  some  species,  however,  the  dorsal  area 
is  darker  and  more  sharply  defined  in  late  summer  and  early  fall  than 
in  spring  and  early  summer. 

The  teats  are  normally  8,  and  arranged  in  pairs  at  regular  intervals. 
The  pectoral  pair  is  situated  just  back  of  the  forelegs,  the  inguinal  pair 
far  back  at  the  base  of  the  thighs,  and  the  remaining  pairs  between. 
Sometimes  the  anterior  or  posterior  pair  remains  undeveloped. 

Habits. — In  general  but  one  species  occurs  in  a  given  locality,  but 
Z«j)ttx  huclsonius,  which  has  the  widest  range  of  all,  seems  to  be  always 
present  throughout  the  range  of  the  subgeuus  Xap(i'o.?«pus,  the  members 
of  which  are  almost  invariably  found  in  deep  woods  near  streams.  All 
the  other  species  delight  in  meadows,  shrubby  fields,  and  thickets  along 

1  Preliminary  report  on  the  Vcrtebrata  discovered  in  the  Port  Kennedy  Bone  Cave 
<Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  XII,  p.  86,  1871. 

Vertebrate  Remains  from  Port  Kennedy  Bone  Deposit  <Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.-..,  I'd  ser.,  XI,  p.  200,  1899. 

-Spelled  hudsonianus  by  Zittel,  Haudbuch  der  Paheoutologie,  IV,  p.  527,  1893. 


8  NORTH    AMERICAN    FAUNA. 

the  edges  of  woods,  and  show  a  marked  preference  for  moist  locations. 
During  the  summer  Jumping  Mice  are  often  seen  in  meadows  and  fields, 
and  are  more  readily  detected  during  the  haying  season  than  at  other 
times,  when  they  are  drivreu  from  their  hiding  places  while  the  grass  is 
being  cut.  When  disturbed  they  move  off  by  a  series  of  frog  like  leaps, 
and  often  remain  motionless  after  a  jump  or  two,  especially  when 
frightened  from  a  nest.  In  leaping  they  are  greatly  assisted  by  their 
long  tails,  which  aid  in  preserving  their  balance  as  in  the  case  of  other 
animals  similarly  endowed.  If,  by  any  accident,  a  portion  of  the  tail  is 
lost,  the  power  of  balancing  is  greatly  impaired,  and  the  animal,  if 
startled,  seems  unable  to  pursue  a  direct  course  because  of  failure  to 
land  properly  on  its  feet.  Some  of  the  earlier  writers  ascribe  to  the 
animal  the  power  of  leaping  4  or  5  yards.  Such  statements  are  probably 
exaggerated,  but  it  is  certain  that  Zapus  does  possess  remarkable  leap- 
ing powers,  and  when  disturbed  will  jump  G  or  8  feet,  and  under  some 
circumstances  perhaps  much  farther.  In  their  chosen  haunts  these 
mice  do  not  follow  beaten  paths  or  runways  like  many  small  mammals, 
notably  meadow  mice,  but  seem  to  wander  rather  indiscriminately, 
availing  themselves  to  some  extent  of  natural  pathways  or  open  places. 

The  birth  of  the  young  (five  or  six  in  number)  which  occurs  in  a  nest, 
ordinarily  underground  but  sometimes  placed  in  a  hollow  tree,  usually 
takes  place  in  May  or  June.  Sometimes,  however,  it  occurs  as  late  as 
September;  from  which  it  seems  probable  that  a  second  litter  is  raised, 
or  that  the  breeding  season  continues  throughout  the  summer.  Three 
specimens  obtained  by  my  brother  at  Wilmington,  Mass.,  September  25, 
1897,  which  with  their  parents  were  turned  up  by  a  plow,  were  so  young 
that  the  posterior  upper  molars  had  just  appeared. 

During  the  latter  part  of  summer  Zapus  makes  a  globular  nest  of 
grass  about  4  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  small  entrance  at  the  side- 
All  that  I  have  seen  were  on  the  ground  in  meadows  among  thick  grass 
or  small  bushes.  One  that  I  examined  was  made  entirely  of  the  straight 
narrow  leaves  of  grass,  and  was  a  very  beautiful  little  home;  but  though 
seemingly  compact,  it  was  so  frail  that  it  was  impossible  to  preserve  it. 
These  nests  are  usually  occupied  by  two  individuals,  presumably  a  pair, 
and  seem  to  be  used  only  at  the  close  of  the  breeding  season. 

The  hibernation  of  Zapus  has  been  frequently  noticed  and  several 
interesting  articles  have  appeared  mainly  on  this  habit.1  All  the  species, 
so  far  as  known,  hibernate  during  winter,  though  in  one,  at  least,  hiberna- 
tion is  not  always  complete — that  is,  individuals  may  awake  and  come 
out  during  warm  intervals,  after  the  manner  of  the  common  skunk.  Dr. 
Merriam  mentions  having  seen  Jumping  Mice  abroad  in  northern  New 
York  on  several  occasions  during  the  unusually  mild  winter  of  1881-82. 
Messrs.  H.  H.  and  C.  S.  Brimley  report  that  they  have  no  positive  evi- 
dence of  the  hibernation  of  Zapus  liudsonius  amcricanus  at  Raleigh, 
N.  C.,  although  they  add  that  the  animal  is  too  rare  to  enable  them  to 

'Davies,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  IV,  p.  155,  1798;  Barton,  Trans.  Am.  Philos. 
Soc.,  VI,  p.  143, 1804 ;  Tenuey,  Am.  Nat.,  VI,  p.  330, 1872. 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.  9 

find  out  much  about  it.  Hiberuation  varies  with  the  locality,  but  usu- 
ally begins  about  the  time  of  the  first  heavy  frosts  and  lasts  uutil 
spring.  The  fall  pelage  is  usually  assumed  and  the  animals  become 
exceedingly  fat  before  entering  winter  quarters.  Although  they  often 
lay  up  stores  of  food  in  nests  or  burrows  during  summer,  it  is  not  known 
that  they  use  this  food  during  winter.  The  animals  are  generally  found 
singly  (sometimes  in  pairs)  in  nests  in  holes  at  a  depth  varying  from 
a  few  inches  to  2  or  3  feet  below  the  surface.  They  lie  rolled  up  like 
a  ball  with  the  feet  close  together  and  tail  curled  about  them.  If 
removed  from  the  nest  and  subjected  to  a  moderate  degree  of  heat  they 
revive  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  hours  move  about  freely,  but  gen- 
erally resume  their  lethargic  state  if  again  exposed  to  cold.  The  pulse 
and  respiration  are  very  slow. 

Hibernation  sometimes  takes  place  in  a  nest  above  ground.  Dr. 
A.  K.  Fisher  tells  me  that  some  years  ago  a  Zapus  was  brought  to  him 
at  Lake  George,  iSTew  York,  which  some  men  at  work  in  the  woods  had 
found  hibernating  in  an  elaborate  nest  of  grass  and  moss,  exposed  by 
moving  a  log.  This  nest  was  destroyed,  but  when  the  animal  was 
given  material  it  constructed  another,  in  which  it  resumed  its  inter- 
rupted sleep.  It  was  occasionally  awakened,  and  observations  were 
taken  on  its  weight,  respiration,  and  heart  beats,  after  which  it  would 
relapse  into  its  state  of  lethargy. 

NOMENCLATURE. 

Five  generic  and  30  specific  and  subspecific  names  have  been  applied 
to  various  forms  of  Jumping  Mice  now  included  in  the  genus  Zapm. 
In  order  to  discuss  the  different  species  and  subspecies  intelligently  it 
becomes  necessary  to  separately  consider  each  of  these  names,  which 
may  be  taken  up  alphabetically. 

GENERIC   NAMES. 

Dipus  Zimuiermann,  Geog.  Geschichte  des  Menschen  u.  vierfiissigeu 
Thiere,  II,  p.  358.  1780.  The  original  description  of  the  genus  Dipus 
included  six  species:  T>.  jaculus,  D.sagitta,  Yerbua  capensis  (  =  Mus 
cafcr),  D.  longipes,  D.  tamarichms  and  D.  hudsonius.  The  name  was 
subsequently  restricted  to  the  Old  World  jerboas. 

Gerbillus  Desmarest,  Nouv.  Diet,  d'Hist.  Nat.,  XXIV,  p.  222, 1804.  A 
genus  of  Old  World  rodents  allied  to  Meriones.  Four  nominal  species 
of  American  Jumping  Mice  were  referred  to  this  genus  by  Katines<|ne 
in  '  Prrcis  des  Decouv.  somiologiques  '  (p.  14, 1814),  and  Am.  Monthly 
Magazine  (III,  p.  440,  Oct.,  1818). 

Meriones  Illiger,  Prod.  Syst.  Ma  mm.  et  Avium,  p.  82, 1811.  The  name 
Avas  originally  proposed  by  Illiger  for  a  group  including  Dipun  tumnn- 
cinus  and  />.  incridiinitis.  Cuvier  apparently  proposed  it  independently, 
twelve  years  later,  for  the  American  Jumping  Mouse  (Dents  des  Mamm., 
pp.  187, 250, 1823). 


10  NORTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA. 

Jaculus  Erxleben,  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  404,  1777.  A  genus  of  Old  World 
jerboas.  The  name  was  first  used  for  North  American  species  by 
Wagler  (Nat.  Syst.  Amphibien,  p.  23, 1830). 

Zapus  Coues,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  I,  2d  ser.,  No.  5,  p.  253, 
1875.  The  first  tenable  generic  name  based  on  a  North  American 
Jumping  Mouse. 

SPECIFIC   AND   SUBSPEC1FIC   NAMES. 

Acadicus  (Meriones)  Dawson,  Edinburgh  New  Philos.  Journ.,  new 
series,  III,  p.  2, 1856.  Dawson,  after  unmistakably  referring  the  animal 
since  described  as  Zapus  insignis  to  the  Meriones  labradorius  of  Richard- 
sou's  Fauna  Boreali- Americana  (i.  e.,  Z.  hudsonius),  goes  on  to  describe 
Z.  hudsonius  from  Nova  Scotia,  calling  it  provisionally  Meriones  acadicus. 

Alascensis  (Zapus)  Merriam,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  XI,  p.  223,  July 
15,  1897.  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam  has  described  a  subspecies  of  Z.  hud- 
sonius under  this  name,  from  specimens  collected  at  Yakutat  Bay, 
Alaska. 

Alleni  (Zapus)  Elliot,  Field  Columbian  Mus.,  Pub.  27,  Zool.  Ser.,  I, 
No.  10,  pp.  212-213,  March,.  1898.  Under  this  name  Mr.  D.  O.  Elliot 
described  the  form  of  Zapus  inhabiting  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  California. 

Americanus  (Dipus)  Barton,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  IV,  No.  XII, 
p.  115,  1799.  Under  this  name  Benjamin  Smith  Barton  described 
specimens  from  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Later  (ibid,  VI, 
1804)  he  discussed  the  habit  of  hibernation  and  presented  a  figure  of 
the  animal.  Mr.  C.  F.  Batchelder  has  recently  revived  americanus  for 
the  form  of  Z.  hudsonius  inhabiting  the  Upper  Austral  zone  in  the 
Eastern  States.  (Proc.  New  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  I,  p.  6, 1899.) 

Brachyurus  (Gerbillus)  '  Rafinesque.'  A  name  referred  to  by  Fischer 
(Syn.  Mainm.,  p.  340, 1829)  without  reference,  and  included  in  the  syn- 
onomy  of  Zapus  by  Coues  (Mon.  N.  Am.  Rodentia,  p.  468, 1877).  I  have 
been  unable  to  find  the  original  reference,  but  the  inapplicability  of  the 
name  is  self-evident. 

Canadensis  (Dipus)  Davies,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  IV,  p.  157, 
1798.  Maj.  Gen.  Thomas  Davies  described  specimens  which  he  had 
procured  in  the  vicinity  of  Quebec,  Canada.  He  undoubtedly  referred 
to  an  animal  of  the  hudsonius  type,  and  as  specimens  from  that  region 
do  not  deserve  separation  fiom  the  typical  form,  the  name  becomes  a 
synonym  of  hudsonius. 

Daviesii  (Gerbillus)  Rafinesque,  '  Precis  des  Decouv.  somiologiques, 
p.  14,  1814.'  Rafinesque  is  said  to  have  renamed  Dipus  canadensis  after 
its  describer. 

Hardyi  (Zapus)  Batchelder,  Proc.  New.  Eug.  Zool.  Club,  I,  p.  5, 
February  8,  1899.  Mr.  C.  F.  Batchelder  has  recently  applied  this  name 
to  specimens  from  Mount  Desert  Island,  Maine.  From  a  careful  study 
of  the  material  at  present  accessible,  I  can  find  no  characters  of  impor- 
tance to  separate  this  form  from  hudsonius  as  here  restricted. 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.         11 

Hudsonius  (Dipus)  Zimmermaim,  Geog.  Geschichte  des  Menscheu  n. 
vierfiissigen  Thiere,  II,  p.  3.~>8,  1780.  This  is  the  first  specific  name  pro- 
posed for  any  species  of  .Tumping1  Mouse  in  America,  and  undoubtedly 
refers  to  the  common  eastern  species  which  has  so  long- borne  the  name. 
It  is  the  only  species  thus  far  known  to  occur  about  Hudson  Bay — the 
locality  of  Pennant's  'long-legged  mouse,'  to  which  Zimmerman  11 
referred. 

Imperator  (Zapus)  Elliot,  Field  Columbian  Mas.,  Pub,  30,  Zool.  Ser.,  I, 
No.  11,  p.  228,  February  1 , 1893.  Mr.  D.  G.  Elliot  has  recently  described 
a  Zapus  from  the  Olympic  Mountains  of  Washington,  but  specimens 
from  that  region  not  being  considered  separable  from  typical  Z.  trinota- 
tiix,  the  name  becomes  a  synonym. 

Insignis  (Zapus)  Miller,  Am.  Naturalist,  XXV,  p.  472,  August,  1891. 
Mr.  Gerrit  S.  Miller,  jr.,  described  the  species  erroneously  referred  to 
.17.  labfftdorius  (Z,  hudsonius)  by  Dawson,  from  specimens  collected  on 
the  Restigouche  Eiver,  New  Brunswick. 

Labradorius  (Dipus)  Kerr,  Animal  Kingdom,  p.  276,  1792.  Based  on 
the  'Labradore  Jerboid  Rat'  of  Pennant's  History  of  Quadrupeds,  1781. 
Kerr  sa}rs,  "  Inhabits  Hudson's  Bay  and  Labradore.  This  species  was 
sent  over  from  Hudson's  Bay  by  Mr.  Grah'am."  Although  Labrador  is 
mentioned  in  the  habitat  of  the  species,  the  specimen  came  from  Hud- 
son Bay,  and  consequently  the  name  should  be  restricted  to  the  animal 
from  that  region,  thus  becoming  a  synonym  of  Imdsonim. 

Ladas  (Zapus)  Bangs,  Proc.  New  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  I,  p.  10,  February 
28,  1899.  Under  this  name  Mr.  Outram  Bangs  has  described,  as  a 
subspecies,  the  form  of  Imdsonius  inhabiting  the  Labrador  Peninsula. 

Leonurus  (Gerbillus)  Rafiuesque,  Am.  Monthly  Mag.,  Ill,  p.  446,  Octo- 
ber, 1818.  From  the  description — "body  fallow,  ears  very  long,  white 
inside,  tail  as  long  as  body,  black  with  a  fallow  tuft  at  end,  length  6 
inches,  body  3'' — the  animal  is  plainly  not  referable  to  Zapns. 

Longipes  (Mus)  Zimmermann,  in  Pennant's  Arkt.  Zool.  I,  p.  131, 1787.* 
Ziinmermann  erroneously  identified  a  Jumping  Mouse  in  spirits,  sent 
from  Hudson  Bay  by  Mr.  Graham,  as  Mns  longipcs  of  Pallas,  an  animal 
from  the  deserts  about  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Macrourus  (Gerbillus)  '  Rafinesque,'  a  name  referred  to  by  Fischer  (Syn. 
Mamin.,  p.  340,  1829),  without  reference,  and  included  in  the  synonomy 
of  Z«i>us  by  Dr.  Coues  (Mon.  N.  Am.  Rodentia,  p.  468,  1877).  I  have 
been  unable  to  find  the  original  reference. 

Megalops  (Gerbillus)  Rafinesque,  Am.  Monthly  Mag.,  Ill,  p.  446,  Octo- 
ber, 1818.  This  animal  he  describes  as  follows:  "Body  gray,  belly 
white."  *  *  *  "Total  length  5  inches,  body  only  2.  From  the 
barrens  of  Kentucky."  This  can  not  apply  to  any  species  of  Jumping 
Mouse. 

Mellivorus  (Dipus)  Barton,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  VI,  p.  143,  1804. 

*Fide  Coues,  Mon.  X.  Am.  Kodcntia,  p.  4t>7, 1877.  I  have  not  seen  this  edition  of 
Pennant. 


12  NORTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA. 

This  name  occurs  incidentally  in  the  text,  being-  applied  to  a  supposed 
new  species,  with  remarks  on  its  reputed  habit  of  passing  the  winter  in 
beehives  and  living  on  the  honey. 

Microcephalus  (Meriones)  Harlan,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  p.  1,  1839. 
Under  this  name  Dr.  Harlau  described  specimens  from  the  vicinity  of 
Philadelphia,  Pa.  The  name,  being-  antedated  by  americanus  Barton, 
becomes  a  synonym. 

Montanus  (Zapus)  Merriam,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  XI,  p.  104,  April 
26,  1897.  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam  described  the  form  inhabiting  the  Cas- 
cade Range  in  Oregon,  under  the  name  Zapus  trinotatus  montanus,  but 
the  characters  seem  to  warrant  its  recognition  as  a  full  species. 

Nemoralis  (Meriones)  Geoffrey  St.  Hilaire,  Diet.  Classiqued'Hist.  Nat., 
VII,  p.  323,  Fev.,  1825.  Under  this  name  Geoffrey  published  a  careful 
description  of  two  specimens  (without  locality),  in  the  Museum  d'His- 
loire  Naturelle  of  Paris,  which  were  figured  by  F.  Cuvier  and  served  as 
the  basis  of  Cuvier's  genus  Meriones.  There  is  nothing  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  nemoralis  that  gives  any  clue  to  the  specific  identity  of  the  animal. 

Niger  (Gerbillus)  Rafinesque,  Am.  Monthly  Mag.,  IV,  p.  106,  December, 
1818.  A  nomen  nudum  used  by  Rafiuesque  in  an  article  entitled  l  General 
Account  of  the  Discoveries  made  in  the  Zoology  of  the  Western  States.' 

Pacificus  (Zapus)  Merriam,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  XI,  p.  104,  April 
28,  1897.  Under  this  name  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam  described  a  form 
represented  in  the  Biological  Survey  collection  by  specimens  collected 
in  upper  Rogue  River  Valley,  Oregon. 

Princeps  (Zapus)  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  V,  pp.  71-73,  April 
28,  1893.  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen  described  under  this  name  a  large  species 
from  Florida,  La  Plata  County,  Colo.,  which  proves  to  be  a  very  dis- 
tinct form  inhabiting  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  States. 

Saltator  (Zapus)  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  XII,  p.  3, 
March  4, 1899.  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen  has  recently  described  under  this  name 
a  well-marked  form  inhabiting  northern  British  Columbia  and  the 
adjacent  region. 

Setchuanus  (Zapus)  Pousargues,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  8e  ser.,  I,  No.  4,  p.  220, 
Avril,  1896.  The  only  name  based  on  the  single  Old  World  species  of 
Zapus. 

Soricinus  (Gerbillus)  Rafinesque,  'Precis  des  DL-COUV.  somiologiqnes 
p.  14,  1814.'  I  have  not  seen  the  original  reference. 

Sylvaticus  (Gerbillus)  Rafinesque,  Am.  Monthly  Mag.,  Ill,  p.  354,  Sep- 
tember, 1818.  A  nomen  nudum  used  by  Rafiuesque  in  a  letter  addressed 
to  "Samuel  L.  Mitcbill,  president,  and  the  other  members  of  the 
Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  *  *  *  dated  at  Louisville,  Falls  of 
Ohio,  20  July,  1818." 

Tenellus  (Zapus)  Merriam,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  XI,  p.  103,  April  26, 
1897.  Under  this  name  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam  has  described  a  form 
from  Kamloops,  British  Columbia. 

Trinotatus  (Zapus)  Hhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1849,  p.  421 
(January  15, 1895).  Under  this  name  Mr.  S.  N.  Rhoads  described,  from 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.         13 

specimens  taken  on  Lulu  Island,  near  the  mouth  of  Fraser  River,  a 
well  marked  form  inhabiting  the  Pacific  coast  region  from  Fraser 
River,  British  Columbia,  to  Humboldt  Bay,  Calif. 

Genus  ZAPUS  Coues. 

Dipns  Zimmermaun,  Geog.  Geschichte  d.  Menschen  u.  vierfiissigen  Thiere,  II,  p.  358, 

1780. 
Gerbillus  Rafmesque,  'Precis  des  Decouv.  somiologiques,  p.  14, 1814'.     (Not  Gerbillus 

Desmarest,  1804.) 

Meriones  F.  Cuvier,  Dents  des  Manim.,  pp.  187, 256, 1823.     (Not  Merionea  Illiger,  1811.) 
Jaculus  Wagler,  Nat.  Syst.  Amphibien,  p.  23, 1830.     (Not  Jaculus  Erxlebeu,  1777.) 
Zap  us  Coues,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  I,  2d  ser.,  No.  5,  p.  253,  1875. 

Characters.— Skull  not  massive;  brain  case  rather  high  and  rounded; 
antorbital  foramen  large  and  oval;  zygomata  not  widely  spreading, 
broadly  expanded  anteriorly  where  the  malar  extends  upward  to  the 
lachrymal.  Teeth  16  or  18  (upper  premolar  present  or  wanting); 
enamel  much  folded;  upper  incisors  compressed,  much  curved,  deeply 
snlcate,  and  deep  orange. 

Body  enlarged  posteriorly;  hind  legs  and  tail  greatly  developed,  the 
latter  much  exceeding  length  of  head  and  body.  Tail  slender,  uni- 
formly tapering.  Toes  of  hind  foot  five,  each  with  separate  metatarsal. 
Upper  parts  ochraceous;  median  dorsal  band  dark.  Under  parts 
white  (often  suffused  with  ochraceous);  one  species  with  brown  ventral 
stripe. 

KEY  TO  THK  SUBGKNERA  OF  ZAPUS. 

Vremolar  present: 

Eiiamel  folds  closely  crowded;  tail  not  tipped  with  white;   ears  rather  Jong; 

lower  parts  white  or  ochraceous Zapua 

Enamel  folds  not  crowded;  tail  tipped  with  white;  ears  rather  short;  lower 

parts  white  with  brown  ventral  stripe Eozapus 

Premolar  absent : 

Enamel  folds  closely  crowded ;  tail  tipped  with  white;  ears  rather  long ;  lower 
parts  white  Napceozapus 

LIST   OK   SPECIES  AND   SUBSPECIES,    WITH   TYPE   LOCALITIES. 

Subgenus  Zapus. 

Zapus  alascensis.  Yakutat,  Alaska. 

alleni.  Pyramid  Peak,  Lake  Tahoe,  California. 

americanus.  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

campestris  nob.  Bear  Lodge  Mountains,  Wyoming. 

hudsonins.  Hudson  Bay. 

laclns,  Kigoulette,  Hamilton  Inlet,  Labrador. 

major  nob.  Warner  Mountains,  Oregon. 

minor  nob.  Wingard,  Saskatchewan. 

monianns.  Crater  Lake,  Mount  Mazama,  Oregon. 

nei-adensis  nob.  Ruby  Mountains,  Nevada. 

orarins  nob.  Point  Reyes,  California. 

oregonus  nob.  Elgin,  Oregon. 

pacificus.  Prospect,  Rogue  River  Valley,  Oregon. 

princeps.  Florida,  La  Plata  County,  Colorado. 

saltator.  Telegraph  Creek,  Northwest  Territory. 

tenelli<8.  Kamloops,  British  Columbia. 

trinotattts.  Lulu  Island  (month  Fraser  River),  British  Columbia. 


14  NORTH    AMERICAN    FAUNA. 

Subgeuus  Xapa'ozapus. 

abietorum  nob.  Peninsula  Harbor,  Ontario. 

insiynis.  Restigouche  River,  New  Brunswick. 

roanensis  nob.  Magnetic  City,  Roan  Mountain,  North  Carolina. 

Subgenus  Eozapus. 
setchuanus. '  Ta-tsieu-lou,  Szechueu,  China. 

Subgenus  ZAPUS   Coues. 

Type  Zapus  hudsonius  (Zimmermanu),  from  Hudson  Bay. 

Subgeneric  characters. — Teeth:   i.  ^,  p.  ^,  m.  |5j  =  18.     Upper  pre- 
molar  very  small,  nearly  cylindrical ;  anterior  upper  molar  large,  broadly 
oval;  in  2  similar,  bat  noticeably  smaller;  m  3  con- 
siderably   smaller    and    nearly    circular.      Lower 
molars  similar  in  shape  and  relative  size  (tig.  1). 
Enamel  folds  closely  crowded.     Interorbital  con- 
striction of  medium  width;   frontal  region  inoder- 
FIG.  i.— Molar  teeth  of   ately  swollen ;    brain  case  rather  high;    rostrum 
zapus  AtMbonitu  from    sieu(ier  and  somewhat  attenuated. 

Tower,  Minnesota  (No. 

72695,  u.  s.  Nat.  MUS.)        Upper  partsas  m  entire  genus;  lower  parts  white, 
x  6-  sometimes  suffused  with  color  of  sides;  tail  more  or 

less  distinctly  bicolor,  normally  without  white  tip. 

KEY   TO   SPECIES   OF  THE   SUBGENUS   ZAPUS. 

Lower  parts  much  suffused  with  color  of  sides orarius. 

Lower  parts  not  much  suffused  with  color  of  sides. 
Size,  large;  hind  foot  usually  more  than  32  mm. 
Ears  never  conspicuously  bordered  with  whitish. 

Larger;  pencil  of  tail  never  normally  white ;  lower  parts  often  suffused  with 

ochraceous tnnotatus. 

Smaller;   pencil   of  tail  usually  white;   lower  parts  never  suffused  with 

ochraceous alleni. 

Ears  usually  conspicuously  bordered  with  whitish. 

Sides  light  ochraceous  buff nevadensis. 

Sides  not  light  ochraceous  buff. 

Skull  narrow ;  incisive  foramina  very  large solicitor. 

Skull  broad ;  incisive  foramina  not  very  large. 

Hind  foot  about  35  mm major. 

Hind  foot  about  32  to  34  mm. 

Incisive  foramina  broad  posteriorly orer/onus. 

Incisive  foramina  narrow  posteriorly princcps. 

Size  medium  or  small;  hind  foot  usually  below  32  mm. 

Size  medium;  hind  foot  30  to  32  mm. ;  total  length  of  adults  more  than  215 
mm. 
Skull  rather  heavy  ;  brain  case  broad;  incisive  foramina  rather  large. 

Dorsal  area  not  very  distinct pacijicits. 

Dorsal  area  distinct. 

Rostrum  considerably  deflected minor. 

Rostrum  not  much  deflected  ..  ..  montanm. 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.         15 

Skull  rather  light:  brain  case  narrow;  incisive  foramina  small. 
Coloration  dark  and  dull. 

Larger;  basilar  length  of  skull  usually  more  than  18  imu. 

alascensis. 

Smaller;  basilar  length  of  skull  usually  under  17.5  um\.  .teneUus. 
Coloration  not  dark  and  dull. 

Dorsal  area  very  much  flecked  with  color  of  sides;  fall  pelage 

with  dorsal  area  nearly  black campestris. 

Dorsal  area  not  much  flecked  with  color  of  sides;  fall  pelage 

with  dorsal  area  not  very  dark. 
Larger;  hind  foot  about  32  mm.;  tail  usually  more  than 

140mm ladas. 

Smaller;  hind  foot  usually  30  or  31  mm.;  tail  usually  below 

135  mm hudsonius. 

Size  small ;   hind  foot  usually  below  30  mm. ;   total  length  of  adults  usually 
under  215  mm americanus. 

ZAPUS  HUDSONIUS  (Zimmermaun).     Hudson  Bay  Jumping  Mouse. 


1780.  Dipus  hudsonius  Zimmermann,  Geog.  Geschichte  d.  Menschen  u.  vierfiissigeu 

Thiere,  II,  p  358. 
1792.  Dipus  labradorius  Kerr,  Animal  Kingdom,  p.  276  (based  on  the  '  Labradore 

Jerboid  Rat  of  Pennant' ).' 

1798.  Dipus  canadensis  Davies,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  IV,  p.  157. 
1822.  GerbiUus  canadensis  Desmarest,  Mammalogie,  II,  p.  321. 
1825.  Gerbillus  labradorius  Harlau,  Fauna  Am.,  p.  157  (in  part). 

1829.  Meriones  labradorius  Richardson,  Fauna  Boreali-Ainericaiia,  I,  p.  144.     (Not  .17". 
labradorius  Dawson,  1856.) 

1830.  Jaculus  americanus  Wagler,  Nat.  Syst.  Amphibien,  p.  23. 

1839.  Jferiones  microccpltalus  Harlan,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1839,  p.  1. 
1843.  Jaculus  labradorius  Wagner,  Suppl.  Schreber's  Saugthiere,  III,  p.  294. 

1856.  Meriones  acadicua  Dawson,  Edinburgh  New  Philos.  Jouru.,  new  ser.,  Ill,  p.  2. 

1857.  Jaculus  hndsonius  BairdrMamm.  N.  Am.,  p.  430  (in  part). 

1875.  Zapus  hudsonius  Coues,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  2d  Ser.,  No.  5,  p.  253;  Mon.  N. 

Am.  Rodentia,  p.  467, 1877  (in  part),  and  recent  authors  (in  part). 
1899.  Zapus  hudsonius  canadensis  Batchclder,  Proc.  New  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  I,  p.  4. 
1899.  Zapus  Jntdsonius  hardyi  Batchelder,  Proc.  New  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  I,  p.  5.     (Mount 

Desert  Island,  Maine.) 

Type  locality. — Hudson  Bay. 

Geographic  distribution. — As  restricted  in  the  present  paper,  this  spe- 
cies is  found  from  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson  Bay  south  to  Xew 
Jersey,  and  in  the  mountains  to  North  Carolina,  west  to  Iowa  and  Mis- 
souri, and  northwest  to  Alaska.  It  iutergrades  with  Z.  amerlcanux  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  Carolinian  zone  in  the  Eastern  States;  with  cam- 
pestris  along  the  edge  of  the  Great  Plains,  and  probably  with  alascensis 
somewhere  in  northern  British  America. 

General  characters. — Size  medium,  smaller  than  Z.  insignia,  Z.  trinota- 
tus,  or  Z.  princeps.  Skull  less  massive,  with  small  molars  and  incisive 
foramina. 

1  "Inhabits  Hudson's  Bay  and  Labradore.  This  species  was  sent  over  from  Hud- 
son's Bay  by  Mr.  Graham." — Kerr. 


16  NORTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA. 

Color. — Summer  pelage :  Fur  of  entire  upper  parts  plumbeous  at  base, 
with  tips  of  hairs  ranging  from  yellowish  fawn  to  rather  dark  ochra- 
ceous,  rather  thickly  necked  with  black-tipped  hairs;  broad  dorsal, 
stripe  reaching  from  upper  part  of  face  to  base  of  tail  much  darker  than 
remainder  of  upper  parts,  the  black-tipped  hairs  predominating;  tail 
rather  sharply  bicolor,  grayish  brown  above  and  whitish  beneath ;  lower 
parts  white,  sometimes  suffused  with  color  of  sides;  feet  white.  Fall 
pelage:  Ochraceous  of  sides  duller  and  more  yellowish,  encroaching 
more  on  the  dark  dorsal  area,  which  is  sometimes  almost  obliterated. 
Young  of  the  year  with  more  ochraceous  in  fall  pelage  than  the  adults, 
and  a  greater  tendency  to  fulvous  wash  on  lower  parts. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  rather  lightly  built,  with  rather  narrow 
brain  case,  small  incisive  foramina,  and  small  molars;  zygomata  not 
widely  spreading;  rostrum  not  appreciably  deflected. 

Measurements. — Two  specimens  from  James  Bay,  Canada,  measured 
from  alcohol,  average:  Total  length,  209;  tail  vertebrae,  124;  hind  foot, 
30.5.  Eleven  from  Tower,  Minn.,  average:  Total  length,  218;  tail  ver- 
tebrae, 133 ;  hind  foot,  30.2.  Thirty- four  adults  from  Keene  Valley,  Essex 
County,  N.  Y.,  average : l  Total  length,  216.6 ;  tail  vertebrae,  129.25 ;  hind 
foot,  31.25.  Skull:  An  adult  skull  from  James  Bay  measures:  Basilar 
length,  18.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  11;  mastoid  breadth,  10;  iuterorbital 
constriction,  4.2;  incisor  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.5;  foramen  magnum  to 
postpalatal  notch,  8;  fronto-palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.5. 
An  adult  ?  from  Ossipee,  N.  H.,  measures:  Basilar  length,  18.8;  zygo- 
matic breadth,  11.6;  mastoid  breadth,  10;  interorbital  constriction,  4.3; 
incisor  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.6;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch, 
8.2;  frou to-palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  Aeries,  6.2. 

General  remarks. — Zapus  hudsonius,  the  type  of  the  genus,  was  until 
recently  the  only  well  established  species.  The  foregoing  list  of 
synonyms  indicates  that  it  attracted  the  attention  of  many  naturalists 
during  the  early  part  of  the  century,  all  the  names  published  previous 
to  1856  referring  almost  exclusively  to  it.  Jaculus  hudsonius  of  Baird 
(=  Zapus  hudsonius  Coues)  is  a  composite  species  including  nearly  a 
dozen  forms  now  recognized  as  distinct.  The  distribution  of  hud- 
sonius^ including  its  four  well-marked  subspecies,  is  by  far  the  most 
extensive  in  the  genus,  few  North  American  rodents  equaling  it  in 
this  respect. 

The  only  specimens  of  Zapus  from  Hudson  Bay  at  present  available 
are  four  alcoholic  examples,  in  rather  poor  condition,  from  James  Bay, 
and  a  part  of  a  skin  from  Fort  Churchill,  Northwest  Territory.  This 
skin  has  evidently  been  in  alcohol,  and  hence  its  color  can  not  be 
depended  upon.  I  have  removed  several  skulls  from  the  James  Bay 
specimens,  including  one  perfect  adult.  Since  this  skull  agrees  essen- 
tially with  skulls  from  Tower,  Minn.,  from  which  place  the  Biological 
Survey  has  a  large  series,  these  specimens  have  been  assumed  to  be 

i  Fide  Batchelaer. 


REVISION  OP  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.         17 

fairly  typical  and  have  been  used  for  comparison  in  most  instances.  It 
is  quite  possible,  however,  that  a  series  of  skins  from  Hudson  Bay 
would  measure  slightly  more  than  the  Minnesota  specimens,  and  would 
perhaps  differ  in  color.  While  this  material,  taken  in  connection  with 
what  is  available  from  the  type  locality  is  sufficient  for  comparison  with 
the  subspecies  here  recognized,  it  will  not  permit  the  recognition  of 
other  nominal  forms  which  may  eventually  prove  to  be  well  founded. 
A  skull  from  Saint  Catharines,  Ontario,  however,  which  may  be  con- 
sidered a  topotype  of  canadensis,  is  identical  in  appearance  with  one 
from  James  Bay. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  319,  from  the  following  localities : 

Northwest  Territory:  James  Bay,  4;  Fort  Churchill,  1;  Fort  Kae,  1;  Fort 
Resolution,  1. 

Ontario:  Nepigon,  7;  North  Bay,  6;  Mount  Forest,  3 ;  Michipicoten,  1;  Saiut 
Catharines,  6. 

New  Brunswick :  Oak  Bay,  30. 

Nova  Scotia:  Halifax,  6;  James  River,  2;  Digby,  4. 

Maine  :  Walker  Pond,  4;  Mount  Desert  Island,  4. 

New  Hampshire :  Ossipee,  1 ;  Fabyans,  1. 

Vermont:  Brandon,  1;  Mount  Mansfield,  1;  St.  Johnsbury,  2. 

Massachusetts:  Wareham,  70;  North  Truro,  6;  Middleboro,  2;  Wilmington, 
3;  Luuenburg,  2;  Belmont,  2;  Ipswich,  1;  Concord,  4;  Lexington,  1; 
Dighton,  1;  Wellesley,  1;  Barnstable  Neck,  5. 

Connecticut:  East  Hartford,  1  (not  typical);  Wethersfteld,  2  (not  typical). 

New  York:  Peterboro,  39;  Catskills,  8;  Elizabethtown,  2;  Waterville,  1; 
Patten  Mills,  1;  Locust  Grove,  7;  Lake  George,  5. 

New  Jersey :  Lake  Hopatcong,  5. 

Pennsylvania:  Leasuresville,  3. 

Maryland:  Cumberland,  1;  Finzel,  Garrett  County  (6  miles  north  of  Frost- 
burg),  1. 

West  Virginia:  Wheeling,!. 

North  Carolina :  Roan  Mountain,  1 ;  Magnetic  City,  1. 

Ohio :  Portland  Station,  1. 

Indiana :  Terre  Haute,  1. 

•Wisconsin:  Racine,  1. 

Michigan :  Seney,  1. 

Minnesota:  Lac  qui  Parle,  1;  Elk  River,  25;  Tower,  26. 

ZAPUS  HUDSONIUS  LAD  AS  Bangs.     Labrador  Jumping  Mouse. 
Zapus  huflsonins  ladas  Bangs,  Proc.  New  Eug.  Zool.  Club,  I,  p.  10,  Feb.  28, 1899. 

Type  locality. — Kigoulette,  Hamilton  Inlet,  Labrador. 

Geographic  distribution. — Eastern  Quebec  north  to  Hamilton  Inlet, 
Labrador;  limits  of  range  unknown. 

General  characters. — Larger  than  typical  Zapus  hiidsonius  with  longer 
tail  and  hind  foot;  coloration  darker;  differing  also  in  cranial  char- 
acters. 

Color. — Summer  -pelage:  Sides  rather  dark,  bright  ochraceous  buff, 

moderately  lined  with  blackish-tipped  hairs;  dorsal  area  usually  less 

distinct  than  in   typical  hudsonius,  much  flecked   with    ochraceous. 

Lower  parts  white,  usually  more  or  less  suffused  with  color  of  sides. 

22095— No.  15 2 


18  NORTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA. 

Tail  quite  sharply  bicolored,  dusky  above  and  whitish  beneath;  ears 
usually  edged  with  ochraceous  (whitish  iu  Inidsonius).  Feet  white. 
Fall  pelage:  Dorsal  area  usually  even  less  distinct  than  in  summer,  with 
the  general  tinge  of  entire  upper  parts  yellowish  instead  of  ochraceous. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  longer  than  that  of  typical  hwdsoniiis; 
zygomata  considerably  longer;  zygomatic  breadth  about  the  same  ns 
in  largest  skulls  of  hudsonius;  interorbital  constriction  slightly  wider; 
brain  case  higher  and  averaging  slightly  longer;  rostrum  and  nasals 
longer;  bullre  considerably  larger;  molar  series  averaging  slightly 
longer. 

Measurements. — Type  No.  4169  9  ad.,  collection  of  E.  A.  and  O. 
Bangs:  Total  length,  238;  tail  vertebrae,  153;  hind  foot,  32.  Average 
of  five  adults  from  Black  Bay,  Labrador:  Total  length,  228;  tail  verte- 
brae, 142;  hind  foot,  32.  Skull:  Average  of  four  adults  from  Black 
Bay,  Labrador :  Basilar  length,  18.8;  zygomatic  breadth,  11.4;  mastoid 
breadth,  10.2;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  incisor  to  postpalatal 
notch,  8.9;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.5;  fron to-palatal 
depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.3. 

General  remarks. — Zapus  h.  ladas  is  a  fairly  well-marked  subspecies 
represented  by  23  specimens  in  the  collection  of  E,  A.  and  O.  Bangs, 
and  5  in  the  Biological  Survey  collection.  The  best  characters  separat- 
ing this  form  from  typical  hudsonius,  as  here  restricted,  are  the  longer 
tail,  larger  hind  foot,  and  longer  skull,  with  larger  audital  bulhe. 
This  latter  character  is  very  evident,  even  iu  young  skulls. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  28,  from  the  following  localities : 

Labrador:  Hamilton  Inlet  (type  locality),  3;  Black  Bay,  20. 
Quebec:  Godbout,  5. 

ZAPUS  HUDSONIUS  ALASCENSIS  Merriam.     Alaska  Jumping  Mouse. 
Zapus  Inidsonins  alascensis  Merriam,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  XI,  p.  223,  1897. 

Type  locality. — Yakutat,  Alaska. 

Geographic  distribution. — Yakutat  Bay,  north  to  Yukon  Eiver;  limits 
of  range  unknown. 

General  characters. — Similar  to  Zapus  hudsonius,  but  slightly  larger 
and  darker. 

Color. — Sides  dull,  dark  ochraceous,  with  many  black-tipped  hairs; 
dorsal  area  quite  distinct,  but  thickly  necked  with  brownish;  beneath 
pure  white;  tail  rather  sharply  bicolor. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  similar  to  that  of  typical  hudsonius,  but 
slightly  longer  and  narrower;  zygomata  less  bowed  outward  and 
slightly  longer;  brain  case  narrower;  molar  series  longer;  crown  of 
last  lower  molar  longer. 

Measurements. — Average  of  four  specimens  from  type  locality:  Total 
length,  218;  tail  vertebra?,  132;  hind  foot,  31.5.  Sknll:  Average  of 
two  adults  from  type  locality:  Basilar  length,  18.2;  zygomatic  breadth, 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.         19 

10.7;  inastoid  breadth,  10.2;  iuterorbital  constriction,  4.2;  incisor  to 
]>ostpalatal  notch,  8.5;  foramen  maguuui  to  postpalatal  notch,  8; 
fronto-palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.2. 

General  remarks. — Zapus  h.  alascensis  is  a  fairly  well-marked  subspe- 
cies based  on  four  specimens  collected  at  Yakutat  Bay,  Alaska.  Four 
additional  specimens  in  the  National  Museum  from  Alaska  have  been 
examined,  but  are  in  such  poor  condition  as  to  furnish  no  additional 
characters.  This  form  undoubtedly  iutergrades  with  true  hudsonius 
somewhere  in  northern  British  America.  - 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  8,  from  the  following  localities: 
Alaska:  Nusliagak,  2;  Yakutat  Bay,  4;  Yukon  River,  2. 

ZAPUS  HUDSONIUS  AMERICANUS  (Barton).     Carolinian  Jumping  Mouse. 

Dipus  americanus  Barton,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  IV,  No.  XII,  p.  115, 1799. 
Zapus  hudsoiiius  americanus  Batchelder,  Proc.  New  Eng.  Zool.  Club,  I,  p.  6, 1899. 

Type  locality. — Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Geographic  distribution. — From  vicinity  of  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  north 
through  Upper  Austral  zone  along  coastal  plain  to  southern  Connec- 
ticut and  lower  Hudson  Valley,  intergrading  in  upper  edge  of  its  range 
with  Z.  hudsonius. 

General  characters. — Similar  to  Zapus  Jmdsonius,  but  smaller;  dorsal 
area  less  distinct;  skull  and  teeth  smaller. 

Color. — Description  of  specimens  in  summer  pelage  from  Raleigh, 
2f.  C. :  Entire  upper  parts  deep  dull  ochraceous,  the  dorsal  area  very 
indistinct  and  but  slightly  mixed  with  black-tipped  hairs;  sides  of  head 
much  lighter  than  remainder  of  upper  parts;  ears  very  dark,  nearly 
black;  under  parts  whitish,  suffused  with  ochraceous.  In  the  fall  the 
dorsal  area  is  indistinct  and  very  thickly  flecked  with  yellowish-tipped 
hairs ;  sides  dull  yellowish. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  considerably  smaller  than  in  Z.  hudsonius, 
with  zygomata  more  arched  and  brain  case  shorter;  incisive  foramina 
shorter  and  relatively  broader;  interorbital  breadth  about  the  same; 
rostrum  relatively  deeper  and  shorter;  molar  series  shorter. 

Measurements. — Average  of  7  adults  from  Raleigh,  N.  C.:  Total 
length,  191.3;  tail  vertebra?,  115.4;  hind  foot,  28.3.1  Two  Trom  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  average:  Total  length,  198.5;  tail  vertebrae,  117.5;  hind 
foot,  28.  Skull:  Average  of  two  from  Raleigh,  N.  C.:  Basilar  length, 
l^j  zygoinatic  breadth,  10.3;  mastoid  breadth,  9.2;  iuterorbital  con- 
striction, 3.9;  incisor  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.2;  foramen  magnum  to 
postpalatal  notch,  7.5;  fronto-palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6. 

General  remarks. — It  is  unfortunate  that  the  name  americanus  must 
be  adopted  for  this  subspecies,  since  it  was  based  on  specimens  clearly 
intermediate  between  the  extremes  of  this  form  and  true  hudsonius. 

1  Fide  Batcbekler. 


20  NORTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  54,  from  the  following  localities: 

New  York :  Long  Island,  3 ;  Montauk  Point,  8 ;  Raynor  Beach,  1 ;  Roslyn,  3 ; 
Sing  Sing  (not  typical),  1. 

New  Jersey :  Chatham,  1;  Englewood,  1;  Mount  Holly,  2;  'New  Jersey',  1; 
Phillipsburg,  1. 

Pennsylvania  :  Chester  County,  1 ;  Culver  Lake,  2;  Delaware  County,  2 ;  Mar- 
pie  (Delaware  County),!;  Schuylkill,  1 ;  Tinicum  (Delaware  County),!; 
Upper  Darby,  1. 

Maryland:  Kensington,  1;  Laurel,  4;  Prince  George  County,  5;  Sandy 
Spring,  1. 

District  of  Columbia  :  Washington,  2. 

Virginia  :  Accotink,  1 ;  Falls  Church,  1. 

North  Carolina :  Raleigh,  7;  Weaverville,  1. 

ZAPUS  HUDSONIUS  CAMPESTRIS  subsp.  nov.      Prairie  Jumping  Mouse. 

Type  from  Bear  Lodge  Mountains,  Wyoming,  No.  65872,  $  ad.,  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum, 
Biological  Survey  Coll.  Collected  June  12,  1894,  by  B.  H.  Dutcher.  Original 
No.  600. 

Geographic  distribution. — Great  Plains  from  Manitoba  southward  to 
Nebraska  and  westward  to  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

General  characters. — Similar  to  Z.  hudsonius,  but  slightly  larger  and 
brighter  in  color;  differing  also  in  cranial  characters. 

Color. — Slimmer  pelage:  Sides  bright  ochraceous-buff,  similar  to 
brightest  specimens  of  hudsonius  from  Eastern  States,  moderately  lined 
with  black-tipped  hairs;  dorsal  area  distinct,  strongly  suffused  with 
color  of  sides;  tail  yellowish  white  below,  dark  grayish  above.  Fall 
pelage:  Sides  dull  yellowish  instead  of  ochraceous;  dorsal  area  nearly 
black,  very  slightly  necked  with  yellowish-tipped  hairs;  dorsal  surface 
of  tail  much  darker  than  in  summer;  ears  darker,  conspicuously 
bordered  with  whitish. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  slightly  larger  than  in  Z.  hudsonius.  Skulls 
from  the  type  locality,  compared  with  those  of  Z.  hudsonius  from  Tower, 
Minn.,  agree  in  interorbital  breadth;  brain  case  about  as  wide  but 
higher;  incisive  foramina  slightly  larger;  process  on  lower  border  of 
maxillary  portion  of  zygoma  more  pronounced;  viewed  in  profile,  the 
cranium  is  more  evenly  curved. 

Measurements. — Average  of  4  adults  from  type  locality :  Total  length, 
222;  tail  vertebrae,  135;  hind  foot,  30.5.  Skull:  Average  of  4  wlult 
skulls  from  type  locality :  Basilar  length,  18.7;  zygomatic  breadth,  11.4; 
mastoid  breadth,  10.4;  interorbital  constriction,  4.2;  incisor  to  post- 
palatal  notch,  8.9;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  7.9;  fronto- 
palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.3. 

General  remarks. — The  present  well-marked  form  replaces^,  hudsonius 
over  the  northern  and  more  elevated  portions  of  the  plains  west  of 
Minnesota  and  Iowa  to  the  base  of  the  Eocky  Mountains.  The  char- 
acters of  this  form  remain  remarkably  constant  throughout  its  known 
range.  While  no  good  intergrades  have  been  examined,  it  doubtless 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.        21 

does  intergrade  with  true  hudsonius  in  western  Minnesota.  The  dif- 
erence  between  summer  and  early  fall  pelage  is  very  great,  apparently 
greater  than  in  any  other  species. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  35,  from  the  following  localities: 

Manitoba  :  Carberry,  2 ;  Portage  la  Prairie,  1 ;  Red  River  settlement,  4 ;  Sel- 
kirk settlement,  1. 

North  Dakota  :  Devils  Lake,  1 ;  Fort  Sisseton,  1 ;  Fort  Wadswortb,  1 ;  Pem- 
bina,  2. 

Montana  :  Little  Big  Horn  River,  1. 

South  Dakota  :  Cnster,  4. 

Wyoming:  Bear  Lodge  Mountains  (type  locality),  6;  Cheyenne,  1;  Devils 
Tower,  1 ;  Sherman,  1 ;  Sundance,  1 

Nebraska :  Columbus,  1. 

Colorado :  Loveland,  5. 

Missouri  :  Jackson  County,  1. 

ZAPUS  TENELLUS  Merriam.     Kamloops  Jumping  Mouse. 
Zapm  lenellns  Merriam,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  XI,  p.  103,  April  26, 1897. 

Type  locality. — Kamloops,  British  Columbia. 

Geographic  distribution. — Known  only  from  vicinity  of  type  locality. 

General  characters. — Size  rather  small;  ears  rather  large;  coloration 
dark. 

Color. — Early  fall  pelage :  Somewhat  similar  to  Zapus  hudsonius  in 
corresponding  pelage  but  much  darker;  sides  olive  yellowish,  heavily 
intermixed  with  black-tipped  hairs;  dorsal  area  somewhat  as  in  hud- 
sonius, but  not  well  denned,  contrasting  less  with  sides;  tail  sharply 
bicolor,  darker  above  and  at  tip  than  in  hudsonius;  nose,  ears,  and 
outer  sides  of  thigh  and  forearm  dusky,  much  darker  than  in  hudsonius; 
fore  and  hind  feet  soiled  whitish. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  similar  to  that  of  Zapus  hudsonius,  but 
less  swollen  in  frontal  region;  border  of  ascending  portion  of  jugal 
straighter;  cranium  more  arched. 

Measurements. — Average  of  four  specimens  from  type  locality:  Total 
length,  208;  tail  vertelme,  128;  hind  foot,  30.5.  Skull:  Average  of  3 
skulls  from  type  locality :  Basilar  length,  1G.5;  zygomatic  breadth,  10.6; 
nmstoid  breadth,  9.0;  interorbital  constriction,  4.2;  incisor  to  post- 
palatal  notch,  7.0;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  0.9;  frouto- 
palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  5.7. 

General  remarks. — Zapus  tenellus  is  a  well-marked  form  requiring 
comparison  only  with  Z.  hudsonius  and  its  subspecies  alascensis.  In 
color  it  resembles  alascensis,  but  in  cranial  characters  it  departs  from 
Jnidisonius  in  another  direction.  There  is  a  possibility  that  it  may  be 
found  to  intergrade  with  one  of  them  to  the  northward,  but  until  such 
intergradation  is  proved,  it  seems  best  to  allow  it  full  specific  rank. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  7,  from  the  following  localities: 
British  Columbia :  Ducks,  2;  Kamloops,  5. 


22  NORTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA. 

ZAPUS  PRINCEPS  Allen.     Rocky  Mountain  Jumping  Mouse. 

(PI.  I,  figs.  6,  6a.) 
Zapus  princeps  J.  A.  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  V,  p.  71,  April  28,  1893. 

Type  locality. — Florida,  La  Plata  County,  Colo. 

Geographic  distribution. — Rocky  Mountain  region  from  northern  New 
Mexico  northward  to  Henry  House,  Alberta. 

General  characters. — Size  large;  skull  broad  and  heavy,  much  as  in 
Z.  hudsonius,  but  much  larger. 

Color. — Summer  pelage:  "Above  with  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  region 
pale  yellowish  brown,  profusely  mix<  d  with  blackish,  so  that  sometimes 
the  blackish  color,  sometimes  the  pale  yellowish  brown,  predominates; 
sides  of  the  body,  forming  a  band  on  either  side  about  equal  to  the 
dark  dorsal  area,  yellowish  brown,  slightly  mixed  with  blackish,  except 
over  a  narrow  lateral  line,  adjoining  the  white  of  lower  parts,  which  is 
a  clear,  strong  yellowish  brown;  lower  parts  white  to  the  base  of  the 
hairs,  varying  in  some  specimens  to  strong  ochraceous;  tail  indistinctly 
bicolor — grayish  white  below  and  pale  brown  above,  and  very  thinly 
haired;  hind  feet  grayish  white  above  like  the  lower  surface  of  the 
tail;  ears  narrowly  edged  with  yellowish  white."1  In  fall  pelage  adults 
have  the  dorsal  area  with  more  black  and  sides  more  yellowish  than  in 
summer;  under  parts  pure  white;  immature  in  same  pelage  similar, 
but  with  dorsal  area  more  suffused  with  yellowish ;  under  parts  some 
what  suffused  with  color  of  sides. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  large  and  heavy,  with  rather  heavy  denti- 
tion. In  some  specimens  the  premolar  is  very  small,  occasionally  being 
flattened  against  the  adjacent  tooth  and  scarcely  functional.  Imma- 
ture skull  short  and  broad,  with  large  brain  case.  The  incisive  foramina 
in  this  and  closely  related  species  much  larger  than  in  those  more  nearly 
i elated  to  Z.  hudsonius. 

Measurements. — Average  of  7  specimens  from  Fort  Garland,  Colo. : 
Total  length,  245;  tail  vertebrae,  147 ;  hind  foot,  32.  Average  of  4  from 
La  Barge  Creek,  Wyo.:  Total  length,  239;  tail  vertebra,  150;  hind 
foot,  32.  Average  of  6  from  St.  Mary  Lake,  Mont, :  Total  length,  232; 
tail  vertebrae,  139;  hind  foot,  32.  Skull:  Average  of  2  adult  skulls 
from  Fort  Garland,  Colo. :  Basilar  length ,  20.7 ;  zy  gomatic  breadth,  12.5 ; 
mastoid  breadth,  11;  interorbital  constriction,  45;  incisor  to  post- 
palatal  notch,  9.8;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.8;  fronto- 
palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.6.  One  from  Preuss  Moun- 
tains, Idaho:  Basilar  length,  20.5;  zy  gomatic  breadth,  13.2;  mastoid 
breadth,  11;  interorbital  constriction,  4.8;  incisor  to  postpalatal  notch, 
9.8;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.8;  fron to  palatal  depth 
•at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.5. 

General  remarks. — Zapus  princeps  is  one  of  the  largest  species  of 
the  genus  and  has  the  widest  range  of  any  except  Z.  hudsonius.  It 
is  mostly  confined  to  mountains,  though  northward  its  range  extends 

'From  original  description  in  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  V,  p.  71, 1893. 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.         23 

over  the  plains  of  Assiuiboia  and  Saskatchewan,  where  it  grades  into 
the  form  here  described  as  subspecies  minor. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  101,  from  the  following  localities: 

Alberta:  Crow  Nest  Pass  (Rocky  Mountains  near  forty-ninth  parallel),   1; 

Henry  House,  2;  15  miles  south  of  Henry  House,  3. 
British  Columbia:  Field,  3;  Glacier,  1. 
Montana:  Bear  Paw  Mountains,  6;    Big  Snowy  Mountains,   12;   Blackfoot 

Agency,  2;  Fort  Ellis,  1;  Paola,  1;  Pryor  Mountains,  1;  St.  Marys  Lake, 

13;  Summit,  5;  Upper  Stillwater  Lake,  2. 
Idaho  :   1'reuss  Mountains,  8;  Salmon  River  Mountains,  5. 
Wyoming:  Clark  Fork,  1;  La  Barge  Creek,  11;  Yellowstone  Lake,  1. 
Colorado:  Co<hetope  Pass,  1;  Florida  (type  locality),  5;  Fort  Garland,  10; 

Gold  Hill,  2;  Rocky  Mountains  (39°),  1. 
New  Mexico:  Camp  Burgwyn,  2;  Santa  Fe,  1. 

ZAPUS  PRINCEPS  MINOR  subsp.  nov.     Saskatchewan  Jumping  Mouse. 

Type  from  Wingard,  near  Carlton  House,  Saskatchewan,  No.  73673,  9  ad.,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Museum,  Biological  Survey  Coll.  Collected  July  23,  1895,  by  J.  Alden  Loring. 
Original  No.  3123. 

Geographic  distribution. — Plains  of  Saskatchewan;  limits  of  range 
unknown. 

General  characters. — Similar  to  Zapus  princeps,  but  smaller  and  differ- 
ing in  color  and  cranial  characters. 

Color. — Summer  pelage:  Similar  to  Z.princtps,  but  dorsal  area  darker; 
lower  parts  suffused  with  salmon.  Fall  pelage  with  dorsal  area  thickly 
necked  with  yellowish  and  sides  yellowish  olive;  lower  parts  much  as 
in  summer. 

Cranial  characters. — Skulls  of  the  present  form  from  Osier  and  \Vin- 
gard,  Saskatchewan,  compared  with  those  of  Z.  princeps  from  Colorado, 
differ  as  follows:  Smaller;  rostrum  shorter  and  more  deflected;  nasals 
much  narrower  anteriorly;  brain  case  relatively  higher;  interpterygoid 
fossa  shallower. 

Measurements. — Average  of  10  specimens  from  Osier,  Saskatchewan: 
Total  length,  219;  tail  vertebra",  131;  hind  foot,  29.9.  Average  of  2 
from  type  locality:  Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebrae,  131.5;  hind  foot, 
28.  Skull:  Average  of  3  skulls  from  Osier,  Saskatchewan:  Easilar 
length,  18.7;  zygomatic  breadth,  J2.2;  mastoid  breadth,  10.7;  interor- 
bital  constriction,  4.4;  incisor  to  postpalatal  notch,  9;  foramen  mag- 
num to  postpalatal  notch,  8.3;  fronto-palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar 
series,  6.7. 

General  remarks. — Z.  minor  is  a  well-marked  subspecies  requiring 
comparison  only  with  Z.  princeps.  Jt  is  evidently  the  northern  plains 
representative  of  that  species,  probably  intergrading  with  it  in  Assini- 
boia  and  eastern  Alberta  near  the  United  States  boundary  and  along 
the  eastern  base  of  the  Canadian  Kockies.  Lack  of  specimens  from 
this  region  makes  it  impossible  to  conclusively  settle  this  point. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  21,  from  the  following  localities: 

Saskatchewan:  Osier,  15;  Wingard  (type  locality),  3. 
Assiniboia:  Indian  Head,  3. 


24  NORTH    AMERICAN    FAUNA. 

ZAPUS  PRINCEPS  OREGONUS  subsp.  nov.     Blue  Mountains  Jumping  Mouse. 

Type  from  Elgin,  Blue  Mountains,  Oregon,  No.  78156,  $  ad.,  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum, 
Biological  Survey  Coll.  Collected  May  29, 1896,  by  Edward  A.  Preble.  Original 
No.  959. 

Geographic  distribution. — Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

General  characters. — Similar  to  Zapus  princeps,  but  differing  in  color 
and  in  cranial  characters. 

Color. — Early  summer  pelage :  Very  similar  to  Z.  princeps,  but  slightly 
lighter  on  sides,  especially  anteriorly;  dorsal  area  and  head  more  finely 
flecked  with  color  of  sides,  the  head  especially  presenting  a  grayish 
appearance ;  beneath  pure  white ;  whitish  edging  of  ears  very  indistinct. 

Cranial  characters. — Compared  with  Z.  princeps  from  Colorado,  the 
skull  of  the  present  form  differs  as  follows:  Brain  case  more  rounded, 
especially  shorter  and  more  rounded  behind;  zygomata  shorter;  inci- 
sive foramina  larger  and  very  much  broader  behind;  audital  bul  he 
slightly  smaller. 

Measurements. — Type:  Total  length,  250;  tail  vertebrae,  154;  hind 
foot,  33.  Average  of  3  adults  from  Strawberry  Butte,  Oregon:  Total 
length,  243;  tail  vertebra?,  146;  hind  foot,  32.  Skull:  Average  of  3 
adult  skulls  from  type  locality :  Basilar  length,  20.1 ;  zygomatic  breadth, 
12.9 ;  mastoid  breadth,  1 1 ;  interorbital  constriction,  4.4 ;  incisor  to  post- 
palatal  notch,  9.7;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.5;  fron to- 
palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.5. 

General  remarks. — The  present  form  seems  to  replace  Z.  princeps 
throughout  the  Blue  Mountains  region  of  northeastern  Oregon.  Speci- 
mens from  this  region  agree  very  constantly  with  each  other  and  differ 
from  typical  Z.  princeps  as  above  indicated.  It  is  much  larger  than  and 
not  at  all  closely  related  to  Z.  montanus,  its  relative  on  the  west.  A 
specimen  from  Mountain  City,  Nev.,  in  the  Brunneau  Mountains,  though 
differing  in  many  details,  is  doubtfully  referred  to  this  form.  Exter- 
nally it  differs  considerably  from  Z.  oregonus  and  agrees  with  Z.  neva- 
densis,  from  the  Ruby  Mountains,  Nev.,  though  the  skull  shows  that  it 
is  not  closely  related  to  that  form.  The  skull  of  the  Mountain  City 
specimen  also  differs  somewhat  from  that  of  typical  Z.  oregonus,  and  addi- 
tional material  will  doubtless  show  it  to  represent  a  form  which  merits 
separation. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  9,  from  the  following  localities: 

Oregon:  Elgin,  3;  Harney  (10  miles  north),  2;  Strawberry  Butte,  3. 
Nevada  :  Mountain  City  (not  typical),  1. 

ZAPUS  MAJOR  sp.  nov.     Warner  Mountain  Jumping  Mouse. 

Type  from  Warner  Mountains,  Oregon,  No.  79983,  9  ad.,  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  Biolog- 
ical Survey  Coll.  Collected  August  4,  1896,  by  C.  Hart  Merriam  and  Vernon 
Bailey.  Original  No.  5720. 

Geographic  distribution. — Known  only  from  the  type  locality. 
General  characters. — Similar  externally  to  Zapus  princeps,  but  larger; 
skull  closely  resembling  that  of  Z.  trinotatus. 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.         25 

Color. — Type  in  summer  pelage:  Sides  ochraceous-buff,  moderately 
lined  with  black-tipped  hairs;  back  slightly  darker,  thickly  flecked 
with  black;  tail  not  sharply  bicolored;  beneath,  dull  white;  feet  soiled 
white. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  massive;  brain  case  high  and  broad; 
zygomata  rather  short;  palate  broad  and  long;  interpterygoid  fossa 
broad  and  shallow,  with  bordering  edge  of  palate  much  excavated. 
Maxillary  portion  of  zygomata  heavy  and  nearly  perpendicular  to  main 
axis  of  skull;  incisive  foramina  large  and  elliptical.  The  skull  of  Z. 
major  differs  from  those  of  Z.  trinotatns  taken  near  type  locality  and  from 
northern  Washington,  as  follows:  Rostrum  larger  and  nasals  broader; 
brain  case  higher;  ascending  portion  of  jugal  steeper. 

Measurements. — Type:  Total  length,  255;  tail  vertebra?,  155;  hind 
foot,  35.  Skull  (type):  Basilar  length,  20.4;  zygomatic  breadth,  13; 
mastoid  breadth,  11.2;  iuterorbital  constriction,  4.7;  incisor  to  post- 
palatal  notch,  10;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.6;  fronto- 
palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  G.5. 

General  remarks. — The  present  form  is  based  on  a  single  adult  speci- 
men from  the  Warner  Mountains,  in  southern  Oregon.  The  skull  bears 
some  resemblance,  especially  in  the  form  of  the  brain  case,  to  those  ot 
Z.  trinotatus  and  its  subspecies  alien! .  It  is  apparently  shut  off  by 
natural  barriers  from  all  of  the  forms  surrounding  it,  with  the  possible 
exception  of  Z.  montanus,  and  has  no  close  affinities  with  them.  From 
Z.  montanus  it  differs  to  such  an  extent  that  intergradation  is  out  of  the 
question. 

Specimens  examined. — The  type. 

ZAPUS  NEVADENSIS  sp.  nov.     Nevada  Jumping  Mouse. 

Type  from  Ruby  Mountains,  Nevada,  No.  94185,  9  ad.,  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  Biological 
Survey  Coll.     Collected  June 21,  1808,  !>y  Vernou  Bailey.     Original  No.  6581. 

Geographic  distribution. — Known  only  from  type  locality. 

General  characters. — Size  rather  large;  color  light;  molar  series  long 
and  rather  narrow. 

Color. — Dorsal  area  about  as  in  Z.  princeps,  pale  yellowish-brown, 
profusely  mixed  with  .black-tipped  hairs;  sides  light  ochraceous-buff, 
becoming  almost  white  on  cheeks,  moderately  lined  with  black-tipped 
hairs,  the  basal  portion  of  fur  cinereous,  noticeably  lighter  in  color  than 
in  Z.  princeps,  with  a  few  white  hairs  intermixed;  beneath,  pure  white. 

Cranial  characters. — The  skull  of  the  type  and  only  known  specimen 
is  large,  but  rather  lightly  bnilt.  Compared  with  skulls  of  Z.  pri turps 
from  Colorado  it  is  smaller  and  natter;  brain  case  shorter  and  more 
rounded;  incisive  foramina  smalt  and  elliptical;  bullre  smaller;  molars 
rather  narrow,  but  molar  series  long;  zygomata  short  and  not  broadly 
spreading.  Compared  with  skulls  of  Z.  trinotatus  alleni  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  Calif.,  it  differs  as  follows:  Smaller,  but  with  molar  series 
longer;  incisive  foramina  smaller  and  narrower  posteriorly;  zygomata 


26  NORTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA. 

shorter  and  less  spreading 5  brain  case  flatter;  rostrum  shorter.  Com- 
pared with  the  skull  of  the  specimen  from  Mountain  City,  Nev.,  doubt- 
fully referred  to  Z.  oregonus,  the  type  differs  as  follows :  Slightly  smaller 
and  younger;  zygomata  shorter  and  zygomatic  breadth  slightly  less; 
shape  of  brain  case  not  strikingly  different;  molar  series  decidedly 
longer;  incisive  foramina  very  much  smaller  and  narrower  posteriorly; 
postpalatal  notch  indenting  palate  farther,  nearly  to  middle  of  posterior 
molars;  bulhe  slightly  smaller.  Mandible  slighter,  but  lower  molar 
series  longer. 

Measurements. — Type:  Total  length,  242;  tail  vertebra,  150;  hind 
foot,  33.  Skull  (type):  Basilar  length,  19.4;  zygoraatic  breadth,  12; 
mastoid  breadth,  11;  iuterorbital  constriction, 4.6;  incisor  to  postpalatal 
notch,  9.5;  foramen  inagnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  8;  fron to-palatal 
depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  G. 

General  remarks. — The  present  form  is  based  on  a  single  adult  speci 
men  collected  in  the  liuby  Mountains  in  east-central  Nevada.  It  does 
not  seem  to  be  closely  related  to  any  of  the  forms  whose  ranges  partially 
surround  its  habitat.  While  it  is  probably  most  nearly  related  to  Z. 
princeps,  it  seems  to  differ  enough  to  warrant  specific  separation. 

Specimens  examined. — The  type. 

ZAPUS  TRINOTATUS  Rhoads.     Northwest  Jumping  Mouse. 
(Pl.I,flgs.5,5a.) 

Zapua  Irinotatus  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1894,  p.  421,  Jan.  15, 1895. 

Zapua  imperator  Elliot,  Field  Columbian  Mus.,  Pub.  30,  Zool.  Ser.,  I,  No.  11,  p.  228, 

Feb.  1,  1899;  ibid,  No.  13,  pp.  260-261,  1  fig.  in  text,  March,  1899.     (Type  from 

Sieg's  ranch,  Elwah  Kiver,  Clallam  County,  Wash.) 

Type  locality. — Lulu  Island,  mouth  of  Fraser  River,  British  Columbia. 

Geographic  distribution. — Coast  region  of  southern  British  Columbia, 
Washington  (including  Cascades),  Oregon  (west  of  western  base  of 
Cascades),  and  northern  California,  south  to  Huinboldt  Bay. 

General  characters. — Size  large;  color  bright;  skull  large  and  broad. 

Color. — Summer  pelage:  Sides  dark  ochraceous-buff',  rather  heavily 
lined  with  black-tipped  hairs;  dorsal  area  very  distinct,  moderately 
flecked  with  color  of  sides;  beneath  white,  frequently  suffused  or 
blotched  with  fulvous,  especially  in  young;  outer  surface  of  forearm 
and  legs  dusky;  tail  quite  strongly  bicolored,  in  dried  skins  dusky 
brown  above  and  yellowish-white  below.  In  early  fall  pelage  the  sides 
are  dull  yellowish  instead  of  ochraceous;  dorsal  area  duller  than  in 
summer,  much  more  thickly  flecked  with  yellowish  hairs.  In  immature 
individuals  the  dorsal  area  is  especially  indistinct. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  large  and  rather  heavily  built,  about  the 
size  of  that  of  Z.  princeps.  Brain  case  broader  and  more  globular; 
zygomatic  breadth  greater;  palate  shorter;  molars  more  lightly  built 
than  in  that  species. 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.         27 

Measurements. — Average  of  4  adults  from  Xeah  Bay,  Wash.:  Total 
length,  248;  tail  vertebrae,  153;  hind  foot,  33.5.  Four  specimens  from 
Lake  Washington,  Wash.,  average:  Total  length,  240;  tail  vertebra?, 
147.5;  hind  foot,  34.2.  Ten  specimens  from  Lake  Cushman,  Wash., 
average:  Total  length,  239.5;  tail  vertebra?,  144.5;  hind  foot,  32.5. 
Sknll:  Six  adult  skulls  from  five  localities  iu  Washington,  average: 
Basilar  length,  20.2;  zygomatic  breadth,  13;  mastoid  breadth,  10.9; 
interorbital  constriction,  4.3;  incisor  to  postpalatal  notch,  9.6;  foramen 
magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.8;  fronto-palatal  depth  at  middle  of 
molar  series,  6.7. 

General  remarks. — Zapus  trinotatus  is  one  of  the  largest,  and  in  early 
summer  pelage  one  of  the  most  showy  species  in  the  genus.  In  the 
absence  of  specimens  from  the  exact  type  locality,  specimens  from  Port 
Moody,  British  Columbia,  a  few  miles  distant  on  the  mainland,  are 
assumed  to  be  typical.1  The  species  is  remarkably  constant  in  char- 
acters throughout  its  range,  examples  from  near  the  type  locality  not 
differing  much  from  specimens  from  Yaquina  Bay,  Oregon.  In  the 
Sierra  Nevada  of  California  this  species  is  replaced  by  the  closely 
related  subspecies  alleni.  In  a  recent  paper  entitled  '  Preliminary 
descriptions  of  Xew  Eodents  from  the  Olympic  Mountains,'  Mr.  D.  Gr. 
Elliot  has  described  the  Zapus  from  that  region  under  the  name  Zapus 
imperator,  but  in  making  his  comparisons  he  ignores  Z.  trinotatus,  con- 
trasting impcrator  only  with  Z.princeps.  Through  the  courtesy  of  the 
author  I  have  been  able  to  examine  the  type  and  a  topotype  of  imper- 
ator.  They  do  not  differ  sufficiently  from  Z.  trinotatus,  from  the  con- 
tiguous coast  region  and  from  the  type  locality,  to  admit  of  even  sub- 
specific  separation. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  99,  from  the  following  localities: 

British  Columbia:  Luln  Island  (type  locality),  2;  Mount  Baker  Range,  4; 

Mount  Lehman,  1 ;  Port  Moody,  3 ;  Sumas,  3. 
California:  Crescent  City,  1;  Mad  River  (Carson's  Camp),  1. 
Oregon:  Astoria,!;  Beaverton,  3;  Elk  Head,  1;  Giendale,  1;  Lincoln  County, 

1;  Marshfield,  1;  Salem,  1;  Yaquina  Bay,  9. 
Washington:  Cascade  River  (head),  2;  Easton,  3;  Granville,  1;  Fort  Steila- 

coom,   1;   Kichelos  Lake,  1;    Lake  Cnshrnan,  15;    Lake  Washington,  4; 

Lapnsh,  2;  Mount  Rainier,  12;  Mount  St.  Helens,  3;  Neah  Bay,  5;  Nis- 

qually  River,  4;  Olympic  Mountains  (head  El  wall  River),  2-;  Olympic 

Mountains  (head  Soleduc  River),  2;  Pacific  County,  5;  Puget  Sound,  3; 

'Washington,'  1. 

ZAPUS  TRINOTATUS  ALLENI  Elliot.     Allen's  .lumping  Mouse. 

Yapits  alleni  Elliot,  Field  Columbian  Mus.,  Pub.  27,  Zool.  Ser.,  I,  No.  10,  pp.  212-213, 
March,  1898. 

Type  locality.— Pyramid  Peak,  Lake  Tahoe,  California. 
Geographic  distribution. — Mount  Shasta  and  southward  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  to  Mammoth  and  North  Fork  of  Kern  River,  California. 

1  Since  the  above  was  written  the  type  and  a  topotypo  have  been  examined  and 
found  to  agree  with  the  specimens  from  Port  Moody. 

2  Type  aud  topotype  of  Zapus  impcrator. 


28  NORTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA. 

General  characters. — Similar  to  Z.  trinotatus;  differing  slightly  in 
external  anil  cranial  characters. 

Color. — Early  summer  pelage:  Sides  rather  pale  ochraceous-buff, 
only  moderately  lined  with  black-tipped  hairs ;  dark  dorsal  area  well 
defined,  rather  lighter  than  in  Z.  trinotatus;  under  parts  pure  white; 
never  marked  with  fulvous,  except  that  rarely  young  specimens  are 
slightly  suffused  with  this  color  beneath;  tail  in  dried  skins  rather 
light  grayish-brown  above  and  yellowish- white  below;  tail  lighter 
toward  tip,  the  pencil  often  white.  Compared  with  Z.  trinotatus,  adults 
of  this  species  have  dorsal  area  less  necked  with  color  of  sides  and  fewer 
black-tipped  hairs  on  sides.  Upper  surface  of  tail,  ears,  head,  and 
outer  surface  of  thighs  lighter  than  in  Z.  trinotatus.  Immature  indi- 
viduals in  late  summer  pelage  have  dorsal  area  very  indistinct  and 
much  mixed  with  ochraceous.  Fall  pelage:  An  adult  taken  at  Cassel, 
Calif.,  August  29  (very  fat  and  doubtless  about  to  hibernate),  is  in  a 
pelage  quite  similar  to  that  worn  in  early  summer,  but  the  sides  are 
lighter  ochraceous,  especially  anteriorly,  and  the  dorsal  area  is  more 
thickly  necked  with  color  of  sides.  Z.  alleni  apparently  does  not  assume 
the  dull  yellowish  fall  pelage  of  Z.  trinotatus. 

Cranial  characters. — Skulls  similar  to  those  of  Z.  trinotatus,  but 
smaller,  with  much  smaller  bulhe.  From  that  of  Z.  montanus  of  the 
Cascade  Range  the  skull  of  the  present  species  differs  so  much  as  not  to 
require  comparison. 

Measurements. — Eight  adults  from  Emerald  Bay,  Lake  Tahoe,  aver- 
age: Total  length,  234.6;  tail  vertebrae,  143.6;  hind  foot,  32.5.  Two 
adults  from  Mount  Shasta,  Calif.,  a-verage:  Total  length,  249.5;  tail 
vertebrae,  152.5;  hind  foot,  32.5.  Skull:  Eight  skulls  from  Emerald 
Bay,  Lake  Tahoe,  average:  Basilar  length,  39.7;  zygomatic  breadth, 
12.6;  mastoid  breadth,  10.5;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  incisor  to 
postpalatal  notch,  9.3;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.2; 
fronto- palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.5. 

General  remarks. — Zapus  t.  alleni  is  a  fairly  well-marked  subspecies 
occupying  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  from  Mount  Shasta  south 
to  the  region  about  the  head  of  the  North  Fork  of  Kern  Eiver.  It  is 
a  very  beautiful  species  and  differs  from  all  others  of  this  subgenus  in 
often  having  the  pencil,  and  occasionally  more  of  the  tail,  white. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  61,  from  the  following  localities: 

California:  Big  Trees,  1;  Cassel,  1;  East  Fork  Kaweah  River,  2;  Emerald 
Bay,  Lake  Tahoe,  19;  Kern  River  (North  Fork — 'Kern  Lakes'),  1;  Lasseii 
Peak,  14;  Mammoth,  1 ;  Monnt  Shasta,  20;  Summit,  1 ;  Upper  Bear  Creek.  1. 

ZAPUS  MONTANUS  (Merriam).     Mountain  Jumping  Mouse. 
Zapus  Irlnotatus  montanus  Merriam,  Proc.  Bio].  Soc.  Wash.,  XI,  p.  104,  April  26, 1897. 

Type  locality.— Crater  Lake,  Mount  Mazama,  Oregon. 
Geographic  distribution. — Cascade  Kange  in  Oregon. 
General  characters. — Smaller  and  duller  in  color  than  Z.  trinotatus; 
also  differing  in  cranial  characters. 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OP  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.         29 

Color. — Summer  pelage:  Sides  rather  dark,  ochraceous-buff,  heavily 
lined  with  black-tipped  hairs;  dorsal  area  quite  sharply  defined,  griz- 
zled dusky  and  yellowish;  outer  side  of  legs  dusky  to  heel;  tail  sharply 
bicolor,  dark  gray  above  and  whitish  beneath ;  fore  and  hind  feet  soiled 
white ;  immature,  suffused  beneath  with  yellowish.  Fall  pelage :  Dorsal 
area  darker  than  in  summer,  thickly  flecked  with  light  yellowish,  pre- 
senting a  pepper-aud  salt  appearance;  sides  yellowish-olive,  heavily 
lined  with  black-tipped  hairs. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  smaller  than  those  of  Z.  trinotatus  and 
Z.  pr  incepts  oregonus  and  much  narrower  throughout;  incisive  foramina 
much  narrower  posteriorly;  bullse  smaller. 

Measurements. — Eight  specimens  from  type  locality  average:  Total 
length,  228;  tail  vertebrae,  135;  hind  foot,  31.  SMll:  Three  skulls 
from  type  locality  average:  Basilar  length,  19.5;  zygomatic  breadth, 
12.4;  mastoid  breadth,  10.1;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  incisor  to 
postpalatal  notch,  9;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.3; 
frontq-palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.4. 

General  remarks. — Zapus  montanus  is  a  very  well-marked  form  inhabit- 
ing the  entire  Cascade  Range  in  Oregon.  It  is  apparently  totally  dis- 
tinct from  all  of  the  species  whose  ranges  surround  its  habitat.  The 
type  series  was  taken  in  August,  1896,  near  Crater  Lake  at  the  head 
of  a  tributary  of  Anna  Creek,  on  Mount  Mazama,  Oregon.  The  species 
was  quite  abundant  in  the  meadows  and  the  shrubbery  of  the  wet  hill- 
sides, and  nearly  a  dozen  were  taken  within  a  few  days.  Several  of 
their  summer  nests  were  found.  A  week  or  two  later  other  specimens 
were  taken  in  the  same  valley  a  few  miles  below.  These  had  begun  to 
assume  the  fall  pelage,  being  slightly  more  olivaceous. 

Two  specimens  taken  September  9,  at  Fort  Klamath,  at  the  base  of 
the  mountains,  had  assumed  the  complete  fall  pelage.  They  were 
excessively  fat,  and  were  doubtless  nearly  ready  to  hibernate. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  16,  from  the  following  localities: 

Oregon:  Crater  Lake  (type  locality),  9;  Diamond  Lake,  1;  Fort  Klamath,  2; 
Mount  Mazama  (Anna  Creek),  2;  Mount  Hood,  2. 

ZAPUS  ORARIUS  sp.  nov.     Coast  Jumping  Mouse. 
(PI.  I,  figs  4,  4a). 

Type  from  Point  Reyes,  Calif.,  No.  250,  $  ad.,  collection  of  E.  A.  and  O.  Bangs.     Col- 
lected May  14,  1893,  by  Charles  A.  Allen.     Original  No.  618. 

Geographic  distribution. — Coast  of  California  from  Point  Eeyes  north 
to  Mad  River,  Humboldt  County;  limits  of  range  unknown. 

General  characters. — Size,  medium;  dorsal  area  and  lower  parts 
strongly  suffused  with  color  of  sides.  Skull  rather  small  and  peculiar 
in  shape. 

Color.— Type  in  rather  worn  spring  pelage:  Sides  of  body  and  head 
rather  dark  ochraceous,  moderately  lined  with  black-tipped  hairs; 
dorsal  area  not  sharply  defined  and  strongly  suffused  with  color  of 


30  NORTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA. 

sides.  White  of  lower  parts  so  strongly  suffused  with  ochraceous 
that  the  white  is  almost  obsolete,  appearing  only  011  lower  parts  of 
forelegs  aud  between  thighs ;  hind  legs  ochraceous  all  arouud ;  sides  of 
throat  deeper  ochraceous  than  remainder  of  lower  parts;  feet  yellowish 
white;  tail  yellowish-white  below  and  grayish  above.  A  specimen 
from  Point  Reyes,  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam,  about  one- 
fourth  grown,  "  has  the  upper  parts  almost  uniform  deep  ocbraceous 
yellow,  with  only  the  faintest  trace  of  the  dorsal  area." 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  rather  small;  rostrum  short  and  consider- 
ably deflected;  nasals  very  narrow  anteriorly;  greatest  zygomatic 
breadth  on  plane  of  middle  molars;  zygomata  rather  light,  the  maxil- 
lary portion  meeting  nearly  at  right  angles  to  main  axis  of  skull;  pro- 
cess on  lower  border  of  maxillary  arm  of  zygoma  very  pronounced  and 
nearer  autorbital  foramen  than  in  any  other  species.  Brain  case  high 
and  rather  globular  in  shape;  interorbital  constriction  narrow;  inter  - 
pterygoid  fossa  narrow  and  shallow;  incisive  foramina  rather  small 
and  evenly" elliptical  in  shape;  audital  bulla?  small  aud  rather  near 
together;  upper  incisors  slender  and  more  projecting  than  usual;  man- 
dibular  symphysis  short. 

Measurements. — The  type  measures :  Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebra', 
127;  hind  foot  (dry),  30.  Skull  (type) :  Basilar  length,  19;  zygomatic 
breadth,  12;  mastoid  breadth,  10.6;  iuterorbital  constriction,  4;  incisor 
to  postpalatal  notch,  8.5;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  7.1); 
fronto-palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.2. 

General  remarks. — Zapus  orarius  appears  to  be  a  very  well-marked 
species  requiring  close  comparison  with  no  other  known  form.  The 
type  has  the  lower  parts  more  intensely  suffused  with  the  color  of  the 
sides  than  any  other  specimen  of  the  genus  that  I  have  seen.  A  speci- 
men from  Mad  River,  Humboldt  Couuty, resembles  the  type  very  closely, 
and  another  from  Eureka,  without  a  skull,  undoubtedly  belongs  to  this 
species.  The  latter  is  suffused  beneath  with  ochraceous,  though  to  a 
lesser  extent  than  the  type.  The  skull  of  the  type  bears  a  slight  resem- 
blance in  some  respects  to  that  of  Z.  pacificus,  but  the  differences  are 
so  great  that  unless  the  type  specimen  is  abnormal  orarius  can  not  be 
considered  closely  related  to  pacificus.  Much  additional  material  is 
needed  to  clear  up  satisfactorily  the  relationships  of  these  and  other 
forms  from  this  region. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  4,  from  the  following  localities: 

California:  Eureka,  1;  Mad  River  (Carson's  Camp),  1;   Point  Reyes  (type 
locality),  2. 

ZAPUS  PACIFICUS  Merriam.     Pacific  Jumping  Mouse. 
Zapus  pacificus  Merriam,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  XI,  p.  104,  April  26,  1837. 

Type  locality. — Prospect,  Eogue  River  Valley,  Oregon. 
Geographic  distribution. — Interior  valleys  of   southwestern  Oregon 
and  northwestern  California;  limits  of  range  unknown. 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.         31 

Color. — "  Dorsal  area  not  sharply  defined,  but  so  strongly  suffused  with 
yellowish  that  the  yellow  predominates  over  the  black;  sides  butty- 
yellow,  moderately  lined  with  black  hairs;  inner  side  of  legs  only 
slightly  darkened;  tail  sharply  bicolor;  grayish  above,  white  beneath; 
lore  and  hind  feet  soiled  white." !  A  topotype,  younger  than  the  type 
from  which  the  above  description  was  taken,  "has  the  dorsal  area  even 
less  distinct,  the  entire  upper  parts  being  ochraceous  yellow." 

Cranial  characters. — Compared  with  that  of  Z.  montanus  (its  nearest 
relative  geographically)  the  skull  of  Z.  pacificus  is  smaller;  the  rostrum 
and  nasals  shorter;  audital  bulhe  smaller;  basi-occipital  broader  between 
bulht;  interpterygoid  fossa  shorter;  upper  molar  series  more  divaricat- 
ing posteriorly. 

Measurements. — The  type  measures:  Total  length,  225;  tail  vertebrte, 
141;  hind  foot,  31.  Skull:  Basilar  length,  17.5;  zygoinatic  breadth, 
12;  mastoid  breadth,  10;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  incisor  to  post- 
palatal  notch,  8.4;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  7.2;  fronto- 
palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6. 

General  remarks. — Owing  to  the  small  number  of  specimens  available 
from  the  immediate  region,  it  is  impossible  to  discuss  satisfactorily  the 
true  relationship  of  Zapus pacificus  to  the  surrounding  species.  The  type 
and  a  topotype  taken  at  the  same  time  are  in  a  peculiar  washed-out, 
almost  albinistic,  pelage,  and  may  possibly  be  abnormal,  especially  as 
the  locality  is  well  within  the  humid,  heavily  forested  area,  where  most 
of  the  animals  are  darker  in  color  than  their  congeners  to  the  eastward. 
The  species,  however,  has  fairly  well  marked  skull  characters  and  is 
undoubtedly  a  good  form.  An  immature  specimen  from  Siskiyou,  Oreg., 
taken  September  28,  doubtless  referable  to  this  form,  has  dorsal  area 
more  distinct;  sides  brighter  ochraceous  and  with  more  black  hairs; 
upper  surface  of  tail  darker  and  fur  of  upper  parts  darker  at  base  than 
specimens  from  the  type  locality.  Another,  from  Little  Shasta,  Calif., 
taken  September  20,  also  provisionally  referred  to  this  form,  resembles 
the  Siskiyou  specimen,  but  has  dorsal  area  finely  flecked  with  yellowish 
instead  of  ochraceous. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  4,  from  the  following  localities: 
Oregon:  Prospect,   Rogne  River  Valley  (type  locality),  2;  Siskiyou,  1  (not 

typical). 
California:  Little  Shasta,  1  (not  typical). 

ZAPUS  SALTATOR  Allen.     Stickeeu  Jumping  Mouse. 
Zapits  sallator  Allen,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  XII,  p.  3,  Mar.  4, 1899. 

Type  locality. — Telegraph  Creek,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada. 

Geographic  distribution. — Telegraph  Creek  south  to  mouth  of  Skeeua 
Kiver  and  Tschimshian  Peninsula;  limits  of  range  unknown. 

General  characters. — Similar  in  early  fall  pelage  to  Z.  trinotuttui,  but 
smaller  and  differing  in  cranial  characters. 

1  From  origiual  description. 


32  NORTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA. 

Color. — Fall  pelage:  Sides  yellowish,  moderately  lined  with  black- 
tipped  hairs;  dorsal  area  well-defined,  rather  dark,  and  thickly  flecked 
with  yellowish ;  ears  like  back,  narrowly  edged  with  yellowish ;  beneath. 
pure  white;  tail  dusky  above  and  gray  beneath.  Compared  with  Z. 
trinotatus  in  corresponding  pelage,  the  back  is  slightly  darker,  the  tail 
darker  above,  and  gray,  instead  of  yellowish-white  beneath. 

Cranial  characters. — Compared  with  Z.  trinotattis,  the  skull  of  Z.  sal- 
tator  differs  as  follows :  Brain  case  narrower;  zygomatic  breadth  con- 
siderably less;  nasals  broader  posteriorly.  Compared  with  skulls  of 
Z.  princeps  from  Field  and  Glacier,  British  Columbia,  and  Heniy  House, 
Alberta,  the  skull  of  Z.  saltator  has  the  rostrum  longer;  palate  from 
incisive  foramina  to  postpalatal  notch  shorter;  and  molars,  especially 
last  upper,  smaller.  All  of  the  skulls  of  Z.  saltator  examined  agree 
very  well  among  themselves,  and  all  have  the  incisive  foramina  very 
large  and  broad  posteriorly.  The  zygomatic  expansion  is  small  and 
the  brain  case  high  and  narrow. 

Measurements. — An  adult  from  Port  Simpson,  British  Columbia, 
measures :  Total  length,  245;  tail  vertebrae,  145 ;  hind  foot,  32.  Average 
of  five  young  adults  from  same  locality:  Total  length,  234;  tail  verte- 
brae,  151;  hind  foot,  32.  'Skull:  An  adult  skull  from  Port  Simpson, 
British  Columbia,  measures:  Basilar  length,  20;  zygomatic  breadth, 
11.8;  rnastoid  breadth,  10.5;  interorbital  constriction,  4.5;  incisor  to 
postpalatal  notch,  9.4;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  8;  fron to- 
palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.4. 

General  remarks. — Zapus  saltator  is  a  well-marked  form,  differing  con- 
siderably from  its  relatives  to  the  southward.  With  Z.  hudsonius  alas- 
censis,  which  probably  meets  it  on  the  north,  it  requires  no  comparison, 
the  immensely  larger  incisive  foramina  and  larger  molars  of  the  pres- 
ent species  distinguishing  the  two  forms  at  a  glance.  A  small  series 
of  Z.  saltator^  which  forms  the  basis  of  the  present  description,  was 
taken  by  the  writer  at  Port  Simpson,  British  Columbia,  in  August, 
1897.  Some  of  these  were  taken  in  a  grassy  thicket  near  the  edge 
of  the  forest,  a  few  feet  above  high-water  mark,  and  the  remainder  in 
a  garden  in  the  village.  Z.  saltator  may  be  found  to  intergrade  with 
either  Z.  trinotatus  or  Z.  princeps  (it  seems  nearer  the  latter),  but  until 
its  true  relationship  is  proved  it  seems  best  to  allow  it  full  specific  rank. 
The  tail  is  longer  and  the  hind  foot  shorter,  relatively,  than  in  Z.  trino- 
tatus. Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen,  J  have  been  enabled 
to  examine  the  type  of  Z.  saltator.  The  skull  of  the  type  being  imper- 
fect, the  cranial  characters  given  above  are  taken  from  Port  Simpson 
specimens. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  8,  from  the  following  localities : 

Northwest  Territory:  Telegraph  Creek,  1  (the  type). 

British  Columbia:  Inverness  (mouth  of  Skeena  River),  1 ;  Port  Simpson,  6. 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.         33 

NAP^EOZAPUS1  subgenus  novum. 

Type  Zapus  insignia  Miller,  from  Restigouche  River,  New  Brunswick. 

Subgcneric  characters. — Teeth:   i.  ^  p.  ^,  m.  |J=  16.     Skull  stouter 
than  in  other  subgenera;  interorbital  constriction 
greater;  frontal  region  more  swollen ;  middle  molars 
equaling  first  in  size.     Enamel  pattern  of  molars 
not  essentially  different  from  Zapus,  but  sulcus  on 
inner  side  of  upper  molars  deeper  and  persisting 
longer  in  the  wearing  tooth  (fig.  2).     General  color  FIQ  2  _Mo]ar  ^^  of  Za_ 
pattern  as  usual  in  the  genus,  bat  tail  tipped  with    PUS  (Napceozapus)  tnsig. 

w],jfe  nis     (topotype),     from 

Restigouche  River,  N.  B. 
(No.  2333,  coll.  E.  A.  and 
O.  Bangs)  X  6. 
KEY  TO   SPECIES   OF   THE   SUBGENUS  NAPJEOZAPUS. 

Hind  foot  less  than  33  mm. ;  interorbital  constriction  usually  more  than  4.5  mm. 

Larger  and  lighter  in  color;  hind  foot  usually  more  than  30  mm. ;  skull  broader 

and  stouter insignis. 

Smaller  and  darker;  hind  foot  about  30  mm.  or  less;  skull  rather  slender. 

roanensis. 

Mind  foot  about  33  mm. ;  iuterorbital  constriction  narrow,  usually  less  than  4.5  mm. ; 
size  large abietorum. 

ZAPUS  (NAPCEOZAPUS)  INSIGNIS  Miller.     Woodland  Jumping  Mouse. 
(PL  I,  figs  l.  la.) 

1856.  Meriones  labradorlus  Dawson,  Edinburgh  New  Philos.  Journ.,  new  aer.,  Ill,  p.  2. 

1857.  Jaculus  httdsonius  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.,  p.  430  (in  part — specimen  from  Nova 
Scotia). 

1877.  Zapus  hudsonius  Coues,  Mon.  N.  Am.  Rodentia,  p.  467  (in  part1). 
1891.  Zapus  insignis  Miller,  Am.  Naturalist,  XXV,  p.  472,  August,  1891. 

Type  locality. — Kestigouche  River,  New  Brunswick. 

Geographic  distribution. — Canadian  Zone  in  eastern  Canada  and  south 
to  western  Maryland. 

General  characters. — Size  rather  large,  larger  than  Zapus  hudsonius, 
with  longer  ears  and  paler,  more  fulvous  coloration.  Tail  tipped  with 
white. 

Color. — "Adult  male  No.  Iff  f,  collection  of  G-.  S.  Miller,  jr.,  Peterboro, 
N.  Y.,  August  22, 1892;  length,  250;  tail  vertebra,  154;  hind  foot,  31.6; 
ear  from  notch,  18.6.  Tip  of  tail  for  23  mm.,  dorsum  of  manus  and  pes, 
and  entire  ventral  surface  pure  white  to  base  of  hairs.  Sides  buff-yellow, 
tinged  with  clay  color,  except  on  cheeks,  fore  neck,  and  a  narrow  line 
bordering  white  of  belly,  where  the  yellow  is  noticeably  purer;  the  fur 
plumbeous- gray  at  base  and  a  trifle  sprinkled  with  black,  bristly  hairs. 
These  black  hairs  predominate  on  the  back,  where  they  form  a  sharply 

1  Xapwozaptts :  raTtato?,  belonging  to  a  wooded  vale  or  dell;  -f-  Zapus.  This  name 
was  suggested  to  me  by  Mr.  Gen-it  S.  Miller,  jr. 


34  NORTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA. 

defined  dorsal  stripe  slightly  mixed  with  the  color  of  the  sides,  broad- 
est just  back  of  the  shoulders,  tapering  gradually  to  base  of  tail,  and 
becoming  indistinct  on  the  head  after  passing  between  the  ears.  Ears 
externally  concolor  with  back,  internally  buff-yellow;  muzzle  grayish- 
brown;  whiskers  mixed  brownish  and  whitish,  the  longest  hairs  reach- 
ing beyond  shoulders;  tail  thinly  haired,  so  that  the  aunulation  shows 
distinctly,  sharply  bicolor,  dark  brown,  except  ventrally  and  at  tip."1 
There  is  very  little  seasonal  variation  in  this  species,  and  the  white  of 
lower  parts  is  never  suffused  with  the  color  of  sides. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  rather  broad  and  stout;  frontal  region 
much  swollen;  brain  case  broad  and  rather  flat;  interorbital  constric- 
tion broad  as  compared  with  that  of  all  other  species  of  the  genus. 

Measurements. — Nine  specimens  from  Nova  Scotia  average:  Total 
length,  238;  tail  vertebrae,  146.7;  hind  foot,  31.1.  Sixteen  from  Peter- 
boro,  N.  Y.,  average:  Total  length,  236;  tail  vertebrae,  147;  hind  foot, 
30.25.  One  from  Pocono  Mountain,  Pennsylvania:  Total  length,  224; 
tail  vertebrae,  140;  hind  foot,  31.  Two  from  Lake  Hopatcong,  New 
Jersey,  average:  Total  length,  231;  tail  vertebrae,  140;  hind  foot,  31.5. 
Skull:  Two  skulls  from  type  locality  average:  Basilar  length,  18.7; 
zygomatic  breadth,  12.3;  nlastoid  breadth,  10.2;  interorbital  constric- 
tion, 4.9;  incisor  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.8;  foramen  magnum  to  post- 
palatal  notch,  7.8;  fronto-palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6. 
Four  skulls  from  New  York  average:  Basilar  length,  19.6;  zygomatic 
breadth,  12.9;  mastoid  breadth,  10.8;  interorbital  constriction,  5;  incisor 
to  postpalatal  notch,  9;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.6; 
fronto-palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.1. 

General  remarks. — Apparently  the  first  published  record  which  refers 
unmistakably  to  this  species  is  that  of  Prof.  J.  W.  Dawson,  who,  in 
1856,  in  the  Edinburgh  New  Philosophical  Journal,  called  attention  to 
the  fact  that  two  distinct  species  of  Jumping  Mice  inhabited  Nova 
Scotia.  The  present  species  he  wrongly  referred  to  Meriones  labradorius 
(=  Zapus  hudsonius),  and  described  true  Z.  hudsonius  as  a  new  species, 
calling  it,  provisionally,  Meriones  acadicus.  In  the  National  Museum 
are  two  specimens  of  Zapus  deposited  by  Dawson ;  though  mounted,  they 
are  in  good  condition  for  examination  and  are  plainly  referable  respec- 
tively to  Z.  insignis  and  Z.  hudsonius.  Both  Baird  and  Coues  examined 
them,  or  at  least  similar  specimens  received  from  Dawson,  but  did  not 
consider  the  two  animals  specifically  distinct.  Zapus  hudsonius  also 
occurs  throughout  the  range  of  the  present  species,  but  the  two  prefer 
different  situations — Z.  hudsonius,  shrubby  fields  and  meadows,  and  Z. 
insigniSj  deep  woods  near  streams. 

This  species  presents  remarkably  little  variation  throughout  its  range. 
Specimens  from  central  Pennsylvania,  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  S.  N. 
Rhoads,  are  practically  indistinguishable  from  examples  taken  near 
the  type  locality.  Three  specimens  from  Lake  Hopatcong,  N.  J.,  have 

i  G.  S.  Miller,  jr.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  VIII,  p.  2, 1893. 


REVISION  OP  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.        35 

slightly  smaller  skulls  than  usual,  but  are  otherwise  perfectly  typical. 
I  have  also  examined  two  specimens  from  western  Pennsylvania,  col- 
lected by  Mr.  W.  E.  Clyde  Todd,  and  have  myself  collected  a  speci- 
men in  the  mountains  at  Finzel,  in  Garrett  County,  Md.  None  of 
these  show  any  approach  to  Z.  insignis  roanensis  from  Eoan  Mountain, 
North  Carolina.  Mr.  S.  N.  Ehoads  writes  me  that  he  has  also  taken 
the  species  at  Summit,  Cambria  County,  Pa. 
Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  107,  from  the  following  localities : 

New  Brunswick:  Restigouche  Eiver  (type locality),  3. 

Nova  Scotia:  Halifax,  3;  James  River,  4. 

Ontario :  North  Bay,  6. 

New  Hampshire:  Antrim,  1;  Chocorua^S;  Dublin,  3;  Fabyans,  1;  Franco- 
nia,  4;  Profile  Lake,  10. 

Vermont:  Mount  Mansfield, 4. 

Massachusetts :  Mount  Grey  lock,  1. 

New  York:  Cascadeville,  4;  Catskilla,  4;  Elizabethtown,  10;  Glenville,  1; 
Lake  George,  1;  Peterboro,  30. 

New  Jersey:  Lake  Hopatcong,  3. 

Pennsylvania:  Cherry  Spring,  Potter  County,  1;  Eaglesmere,  2;  Kingston, 
Westmoreland  County,  1;  Mount  Pocono,  1. 

Maryland:  Finzel,  Garrett  County  (6  miles  north  of  Frostburg),  1. 

ZAPUS   (NAPJEOZAPUS)   INSIGNIS  ROANENSIS  subsp.  nov.     Roan  Mountain 
Jumping  Mouse. 

Type  from  Magnetic  City,  foot  of  Roan  Mountain,  North  Carolina,  No.  66283,  $  ad., 
U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  Biological  Survey  Coll.  Collected  May  22,  1894,  by  A.  G. 
Wetherby. 

Geographic  distribution. — Known  only  from  Eoan  Mountain,  North 
Carolina. 

General  characters. — Smaller  and  darker  than  typical  Z.  insignis,  with 
smaller,  narrower  skull. 

Color. — Sides  bright  tawny  ochraceous ;  entire  upper  parts,  including 
ears,  considerably  darker  than  in  typical  Z.  insignis.  Beneath,  pure 
white;  amount  of  white  on  tail  averaging  less  than  in  Z.  insignis. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  similar  to  that  of  Z.  insignis,  but  smaller 
and  more  slender  throughout;  mandible  much  more  slender,  especially 
in  region  of  molars;  interorbital  constriction  very  slightly  less;  frontal 
region  much  less  swollen;  brain  case  narrower;  fronto  palatal  depth 
about  the  same. 

Measurements. — Sixteen  specimens  from  Eoan  Mountain  average: 
Total  length,  220;  tail  vertebra,  131 ;  hind  foot  (dry),  29.5.  Skull:  Six 
adult  skulls  from  Eoan  Mountain  average:  Basilar  length,  18.8;  zygo- 
matic  breadth,  11.7;  mastoid  breadth,  10.1;  interorbital  constriction, 
4.7;  incisor  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.8;  foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal 
notch,  8;  fronto  palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  6.2. 

General  remarks. — The  collection  of  the  Biological  Survey  contains 
24  specimens  of  this  form,  collected  from  May  to  September.  As  in 
typical  Z.  insignis.  there  is  very  little  seasonal  variation.  A  young 
individual,  about  one-third  grown,  collected  at  the  type  locality  Sep- 
tember 11, 1892,  by  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam,  resembles  adults  in  color, 


36  NORTH  AMERICAN  FAUNA. 

except  that  the  dorsal  area  is  very  indistinct  and  the  nose  is  white. 
Several  of  the  type  series,  including  this  young  one,  have  the  white 
on  the  tip  of  tail  reduced  to  the  merest  trace.  While  the  material 
examined  from  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  shows  no  indication  of 
iutergradatiou  existing  between  typical  Z.  insignis  and  the  present 
form,  I  have  thought  best  to  give  it  a  trinomial  name  in  the  belief 
that  intergradation  does  exist. 

Specimens  examined. — Total  number,  24,  all  from  Roan  Mountain, 
!North  Carolina. 

ZAPUS  (NAP^OZAPUS)  INSIGNIS  ABIETORUM  subsp.  nov. 
Northern  Woodland  Jumping  Mouse. 

Type  from  Peninsula  Harbor,  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  Ontario,  No.  4268,  9  ad., 
collection  of  Gerrit  S.  Miller,  jr.     Collected  Sept.  27, 1896,  by  Gerrit  S.  Miller,  jr. 

Geographic  distribution. — Probably  throughout  Hudsonian  zone  in 
eastern  Canada;  limits  of  range  unknown. 

General  characters. — Larger  than  typical  Z.  insignis,  with  shorter 
ears  and  peculiar  skull. 

Color. — Apparently  not  distinguishable  from  Z.  insignis. 

Cranial  characters. — Compared  with  typical  Z.  insignis  the  skull  of 
the  type  has  molar  series  longer  and  heavier;  interorbital  constriction 
narrower  than  in  any  specimen  of  insignis  examined;  ventral  border  of 
pterygoids  nearly  on  plane  of  palate;  maxillary  process  of  zygomata 
shorter  and  zygomata  much  less  curved  than  in  typical  insignis; 
mandible  much  heavier. 

Measurements. — Type:  Total  length,  255;  tail  vertebrae,  160;  hind 
foot,  33;  ear  from  meatus,  16.6.  An  adult  male  from  Godbout,  Quebec, 
measures:  Total  length,  250;  tail  vertebra,  160 ;  hind  foot,  32.5.  Skull 
(type):  Basilar  length,  19.4;  zygomatic breadth,  12.2;  mastoid  breadth, 
10.5;  interorbital  constriction,  4.3;  incisor  to  postpalatal  notch,  9.6; 
foramen  magnum  to  postpalatal  notch,  8.4;  fronto-palatal  depth  at 
middle  of  molar  series,  6. 

General  remarks. — This  form  is  based  mainly  on  a  single  specimen, 
collected  at  Peninsula  Earbor,  Ontario,  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake 
Superior,  in  the  Hudsonian  zone,  by  Gerrit  S.  Miller,  jr.  Mr.  Miller 
recorded  this  specimen l  and  described  its  peculiarities  in  some  detail. 
A  specimen  in  the  Bangs  collection,  from  Lake  Edward,  Quebec,  and 
two  from  Godbout,  Quebec,  in  Dr.  Merriam's  collection,  while  not  per- 
fectly typical,  agree  with  the  type  in  large  size,  narrow  interorbital 
constriction,  and  in  other  peculiarities.  This  makes  it  probable  that 
this  form  will  be  found  to  occur  throughout  the  Hudsonian  zone,  in 
eastern  Canada.  The  specimen  of  Z.  insignis,  recently  recorded  from 
Labrador  by  Mr.  Outrani  Bangs,2  which  he  thinks  is  not  typical,  may 

'Notes  on  the  Mammals  of  Ontario  <Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XXVIII,  No.  1, 
p.  10,  April,  18P7. 
«  Am.  Naturalist,  XXXII,  No.  379,  p.  493,  July,  1898. 


REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.        37 

belong  to  this  form.  The  type  of  abietorum  is  slightly  larger  than  the 
largest  specimens  examined  of  the  typical  form,  while  the  ear  is  slightly 
shorter  than  usual. 

Specimens  examined.— Total  number,  4,  from  the  following  localities: 

Ontario:  Peninsula  Harbor,  1  (type). 
Quebec:  Godbout,  2;  Lake  Edward,  1. 

EOZAPUS1  subgenus  novum. 

Type  Zapus  setchuanus  Pousargues,  from  Szechuen,  China. 

Subgeneric  characters.— Teeth:  i.  |,  p.  J~J,  m.  ||  =  18.     Skull  similar 
to  those  of  the  subgenera  Zapus  and  Napceozapus,  but  differing  as  fol- 
lows: Skull  relatively  broader,  shorter,  and  lower;  nasals  broad,  dis- 
tinctly forked  posteriorly;  antorbital  foramina  rather  large;  incisive 
foramina  medium;  posterior  palatine  foramina  mid- 
way between    incisive    foramina  and   postpalatal 
notch,  the  latter  barely  reaching  posterior  plane 
of  molars.     Rostrum  relatively  shorter  and  broader; 
zygomata   relatively    shorter,   with  jugal   portion 
almost  perfectly  straight,  frontal  region  less  swol-Fi 
len.    Enamel  pattern  of  molars  somewhat  similar, 
but  enamel  folds  not  closely  crowded;   last  lower    Ta tsien-iou.Szechuen, 
molar  relatively  larger  (fig.  3).    Color  pattern  differ-    China>   x  6> 
ing  from  that  of  other  subgenera  in  having  a  brown  ventral  stripe;  tail 
tipped  with  white,  as  in  Napceozapus. 

ZAPUS  (EOZAPUS)  SETCHUANUS  Pousargues.     Szechuen  Jumping  Mouse. 

(PI.  I,  figs.  2,  2a.) 

Zapu*  setcliuanus  Pousargues,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  8e  ser..  I,  No.  4,  p.  220,  Avril,  1896;  Bull. 
Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.,  Paris,  II,  p.  13,  figs.  1-3,  1896. 

Type  locality. — Ta-tsieu-lou,  Szechuen,  China. 

Geographic  distribution. — Known  only  fi  om  the  type  locality. 

General  characters. — Differing  from  all  other  known  members  of  the 
genus  in  having  a  ventral  stripe  of  brown. 

Color. —  Upper  parts  dark,  tawny  ochraceous;  dorsal  area  sharply 
defined  and  very  thickly  flecked  with  black-tipped  hairs,  the  sides  mod- 
erately lined  with  same.  Pattern  of  color  above  as  in  the  American 
species.  Beneath  white,  suffused  with  ochraceous,  the  white  nearly 
obsolete  on  fore,  breast;  a  brownish  stripe  about  5  mm.  wide  extends 
the  entire  length  of  breast  and  belly;  feet,  chin,  and  lips  white;  tail 
strongly  bicolored;  brownish  above  and  whitish  beneath,  with  about 
15  mm.  of  the  tip  pure  white;  ears  dusky. 

Cranial  characters. — Compared  with  7i.  hudsonius  the  skull  of  setchu- 
anus  differs  as  follows:  In terorbital  constriction  relatively  narrower j 

JEozapus:  ?}o:>s,  dawn,  7.  e.  eastern;  -\-Zapus. 


38 


NORTH   AMERICAN    FAUNA. 


Fio.  4.— Skull  of  Zaput 
(Eozapus)  setchuanus  (co- 
type)  from  Ta-tsien-lou, 
Szechuen,  China.  X  1J. 


frontal  region  less  swollen;  rostrum  shorter  and  less  attenuated;  zygo- 
mata shorter,  the  maxillary  portion  more  nearly  perpendicular  to  main 
axis  of  skull,  the  jugal  portion  heavier  and  nearly  straight;  palate 
longer,  the  postpalatal  notch  not  quite  reaching 
posterior  plane  of  molars  (in  American  species 
commonly  exceeding  that  point) ;  nasals  prolonged 
farther  posteriorly  and  forking  (in  American  spe- 
cies generally  irregularly  truncated) ;  bullae  larger; 
the  coronoid  process  of  mandible  not  ascending 
so  high,  but  longer,  broader,  and  straighter,  and 
the  coronoid  notch  deeper  and  less  rounded  than 
in  Z.  hudsonius  (fig.  4). 
Measurements. — The  following  measurements  from  Pousargues  will 
serve  for  comparison  with  other  species :  * Vieux,'  head  and  body,  100; 
tail,  120;  foot,  31;  'adulto,'  head  and  body,  80;  tail,  103;  foot,  30; 
'semiadulte,'  head  and  body,  70;  tail,  95;  foot,  28.  Skull  No.  2:1 
Zygomatic  breadth,  11.6;  iuterorbital  constriction,  3.6;  incisor  to  post- 
palatal  notch,  8.5;  fronto-palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar  series,  5.5. 
No.  3:  Zygomatic  breadth,  11.5;  interorbital  constriction,  3.8;  incisor 
to  postpalatal  notch,  8.2;  -fronto-palatal  depth  at  middle  of  molar 
series,  5.6. 

General  remarks. — This  very  interesting  species  was  described  from 
three  skins  in  alcohol  accompanied  by  imperfect  skulls.  Its  describer, 
M.  E.  De  Pousargues,  discusses  its  color  and  other  peculiarities  in  con- 
siderable detail,  and  presents  a  table  showing  the  measurements  of  the 
three  specimens,  together  with  the  corresponding  measurements  of  a 
specimen  of  Z.  hudsonius,  taken  from  Coues.  These  measurements  of 
hudsonius  (head  and  body,  85;  tail,  135;  foot,  27),  if  all  from  one  indi- 
vidual, must  have  been  taken  from  a  distorted  specimen  and  do  not 
give  a  fair  idea  of  the  proportions,  the  foot  measurement,  27  mm., 
being  evidently  too  small  for  an  animal  with  the  tail  measuring  135. 
On  this  account  the  proportional  differences  between  setchuanus  and  hud- 
sonius are  exaggerated.  Through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Gerrit  S.  Miller, 
jr.,  I  have  been  able  to  examine  two  of  these  skins  and  the  skulls,  gen- 
erously loaned  to  him  by  M.  Pousargues.  The  color  of  these  skins  is 
apparently  not  much  changed  by  the  action  of  alcohol.  The  brown 
ventral  stripe  and  comparatively  short,  hairy-tail  with  its  white  tip, 
constitute  the  most  striking  peculiarities.  The  hind  foot  is  about  the 
same  size  as  in  hudsonius;  the  ear  shorter  and  broader  than  in  the 
American  species.2  As  already  stated,  the  skulls  are  all  imperfect. 

1  These  numbers  are  provisional,  and  owing  to  the  imperfect  condition  of  the  skulls 
only  these  measurements  could  be  taken. 

2  The  following  table  will  serve  to  show  the  approximate  ratio  of  width  to  height 
of  ear  in  Zapus  insignia,  Z.  hudsonius,  and  Z.  setchuanua  (alcoholic  specimens) : 


Z.  insignis. 
Two  specimens. 

Z.  hudtonius. 
Two  specimens. 

Z.  setchuanus. 
Two  specimens. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Larger. 

Smaller. 

Height  of  ear  from  notch  . 

15.5 
9 

.15.5 
9 

14 

a 

14 

9 

12.5 
10 

11 
9 

Greatest  width  of  ear 

REVISION  OF  THE  JUMPING  MICE  OF  THE  GENUS  ZAPUS.        39 

The  largest  is  so  badly  crushed  as  to  be  almost  worthless,  and  the  two 
smaller  ones  lack  the  occipital  portion  of  the  cranium  and  the  posterior 
parts  of  the  mandibles,  the  shape  of  the  angular  process,  therefore, 
being  unknown.  This  species  has  the  small  upper  premolar  as  in  the 
subgenus  Zapus,  that  tooth  being  larger  than  in  Z.  hudsonius.  The  last 
lower  molar  is  also  proportionately  larger.  All  the  molars  difl'er  from 
those  of  any  American  species  in  having  the  enamel  folds  not  closely 
crowded,  the  resulting  wide  and  deep  sulci  giving  the  teeth  a  very 
different  appearance,  though  the  general  pattern  of  enamel  folding  is 
perhaps  not  essentially  different.  The  incisors  are  lighter  in  color 
than  in  the  American  species. 

Specimens  examined.— Two  skins  and  three  skulls,  from  the  type 
locality. 


IjSTDEX. 


[Xew  names  in  black-face  type;  synonyms  in  italics.] 


Dipus,  9, 13. 

americamtt,  10, 19. 

canadensis,  10, 15. 

hudfonius,  11, 15. 

labradorius,  11, 15. 

nulUvorus,  11-12. 
EozapiiM  (submenus),  37. 
GerbUlui,  9, 13. 

brachi/urus,  10. 

canadensis,  15. 

daviesii,  10. 

labradorius,  15. 

megalops,  11. 
niger,  12. 
soricinus,  12. 
!»a«cw«,  12. 
Ztt«,  10, 13. 
!«rtca»i««,  15. 
ilsonius,  15,  33. 
abradorius,  15. 
3/e    one«,  9, 13. 

cadicu*,  10, 15. 
labradorius,  15, 33. 
microcephaly.*,  12,15. 
ni'nioralis,  12. 
Muslongipes,  11. 
.\:i|>:ro*:i|>iiN  (subgentm),  33. 

key  to  species,  33. 
Zapus,  10, 13, 14. 
distribntion,6-7. 

22095— No.  15 4 


Zapus— Continued- 
habits,  7-9. 

history,  5-6. 

key  to  species,  14-15. 

key  to  subgenera,  13. 

list  of  species,  13-14. 
Zapus  alleni,  10,  27. 

hudsonius,  15-17,33. 

hudsonius  alascensis,  10, 18-19. 

hudsonius  americanus,  10, 19-20. 

hudMoniiiH  campcalritt,  20-21. 

hudsonius  canadensis,  15. 

hudionius  hardyi,  10, 15. 

hudsonius  ladas,  11, 17-18. 

imperator,  11,26. 

insignis,  11,33. 

insignia  nbictorum,  3C-37. 

inaiguiN  roanenMin,  35-36. 

major,  24-25. 

inontanus,  12,28-29. 

in  »  a«l<  ii-i-.  25-2G. 

oral-ills,  29-30. 

pacificus,  12, 30-31. 

princeps,  12,  22-23. 

priiiccps  minor,  23. 

l»i-in<  «  p-  orcgonaN,  24. 

saltator,  12, 31-32. 

setchuanus,  12,  37-39. 

tenellus,  12,  21. 

trinotatus.  12-13,  26-27. 

trinotatus  alleni,  27-28. 


PLATE  I. 

('One  and  one-half  times  natural  size.) 

FIG.  1.  Zapua  (Napwozapus)  insir/nis  Miller  (Type).     Restigouche  River,  Ne\v  Bruns- 
wick. 

(Type  if  £,  Miller  collection.) 

2.  Zapus  (Eozapua)  setchuanus  Pousargues  (Cotype).     Ta-tsien-lou,  Szechueu, 

China. 

3.  Zapus  (Zapus)  hudsonius  (Zimmermaun).     James  Bay,  Canada. 

(No.  60588,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

4.  Zapus  (Zapus)  orarius  Preble  (Type).     Point  Reyes,  Calif. 

(No.  250,  Collection  E.  A.  &  O.  Bangs.) 

5.  Zapus  (Zapus)  trinotatiis  Rhoacls.-    Port  Moody,  British  Columbia. 

(No.  66928,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.) 

6.  Zapua  (Zapua)  princeps  Allen  (Topotype).     Florida,  La  Plata  County,  Colo. 

(No.  4139,  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.) 

42 


North  American  Fauna  No.  15. 


PLATE  I. 


1.  Zapus  insignia. 

2.  Z.  setcfiuanus. 


SKULLS  OF  ZAPUS. 


3.  '/..  budtonttu. 

4.  Z.  orarius. 


.1.    '/,.  triiiiitnlii.t. 
0.  Z.  princeps. 


Date  Due 


CAT.   NO.  24    161 


